第四章 美国与伊朗：不同的秩序理念

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  1. Ali Khamenei, “Leader’s Speech at Inauguration of Islamic Awakening and Ulama Conference” (April 29,2013),Islamic Awakening 1, no. 7(Spring 2013).

  2. Ibid.

  3. “Islamic Invitation Turkey, “The Leader of Islamic Ummah and Oppressed People Imam Sayyed Ali Khamenei: Islamic Awakening Inspires Intl. Events,” November 27, 2011.

  4. 关于这一传统，最著名的例子之一是公元前6世纪波斯阿契美尼德帝国的开国君主居鲁士解放被巴比伦奴役的人民，包括犹太人。自称“四极之王”的居鲁士推翻巴比伦帝国进入巴比伦后发出敕令：巴比伦所有的奴隶都可自由返乡，一切宗教都将得到包容。居鲁士是第一个推行宗教多元主义的统治者。据信2 000年后，托马斯·杰斐逊读了色诺芬的《居鲁士的教育》中的这个故事后深受激励，对居鲁士高度赞扬。See “The Cyrus Cylinder: Diplomatic Whirl,” Economist, March 23, 2013.

  5. Herodotus,The History, trans. David Grene (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 1.131–135, pp. 95–97.

  6. Kenneth M. Pollack,The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict Between Iran and America (New York: Random House,2004), 18–19. See also John Garver,China and Iran: Ancient Partners in a Post-imperial World (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2006).

  7. “See Roy Mottahedeh, The Mantle of the Prophet:Religion and Politics in Iran (Oxford: Oneworld, 2002), 144; Reza Aslan, “The Epic of Iran,” New York Times, April 30, 2006. 阿布卡萨姆·费尔多西在伊斯兰教征服波斯两个世纪后写成的史诗《国王之书》叙述了波斯被伊斯兰教征服之前光辉灿烂的传说。身为伊斯兰教什叶派教徒的费尔多西通过史诗中的人物之口哀叹：“诅咒这个世界，诅咒这个时代，诅咒这个命运/野蛮的阿拉伯人把我变成了穆斯林。”此言捕捉到了波斯人复杂的心情。

  8. See Sandra Mackey,The Iranians: Persia, Islam, and the Soul of a Nation (New York: Plume, 1998), 109n1.

  9. Ruhollah Khomeini, “Islamic Government,” inIslam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini (1941–1980),trans. Hamid Algar (North Haledon, N.J.: Mizan Press, 1981), 48–49.

  10. As quoted in David Armstrong,Revolution and World Order: The Revolutionary State in International Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 192.

  11. Khomeini, “Islamic Government,” “The First Day of God’s Government,” and “The Religious Scholars Led the Revolt,” inIslam and Revolution, 147, 265, 330–31.

  12. R. W. Apple Jr., “Will Khomeini Turn Iran’s Clock Back 1,300 Years?,” New York Times, February 4, 1979.

  13. See Charles Hill,Trial of a Thousand Years: World Order and Islamism (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 2011), 89–91.

  14. 这些活动基本上是秘密的，因此有关报告必然只能披露其中的一部分。有人说德黑兰在一定程度上和塔利班以及基地组织合作，或至少默许它们的活动。See, for example, Thomas Kean, Lee Hamilton, et al., The 9/11 Commission Report (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), 61, 128, 240–41, 468, 529; Seth G. Jones, “Al Qaeda in Iran,” Foreign Affairs, January 29, 2012, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137061/ sethg-jones/al-qaeda-in-iran.

  15. Akbar Ganji, “Who Is Ali Khamenei: The Worldview of Iran’s Supreme Leader,”Foreign Affairs, September/October 2013. See also Thomas Joscelyn, “Iran, the Muslim Brotherhood, and Revolution,” Longwarjournal.org, January 28, 2011.

  16. Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran (October 24, 1979), as amended, Section I, Article 11.

  17. Khomeini, “New Year’s Message” (March 21, 1980),in Islam and Revolution, 286.

  18. 这在伊朗《宪法》中做了规定：“在（时代的监护人，隐身的伊玛目）（愿真主加速他的重现）救世主掩蔽期间，伊斯兰乌玛的领导权由公正虔诚的人承担，他洞察世事、勇敢无畏、足智多谋、治理有方。他将根据107条担任该职务。”参见《伊朗伊斯兰共和国宪法》（1979年10月24日修订）第一部分第5条。伊朗革命的高潮期间，霍梅尼任由人们传说他是脱掩蔽而出的救世主，或至少是救世主的使者。See Milton Viorst, In the Shadow of the Prophet: The Struggle for the Soul of Islam (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press,2001), 192.

  19. “Address by H.E. Dr. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, President of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Before the Sixtysecond Session of the United Nations General Assembly” (New York: Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations, September 25, 2007), 10.

  20. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to George W.Bush, May 7, 2006, Council on Foreign Relations online library; “Iran Declares War,”New York Sun, May 11, 2006.

  21. As quoted in Arash Karami, “Ayatollah Khamenei: Nuclear Negotiations Won’t Resolve US-Iran Differences,” AlMonitor.com Iran Pulse, February 17, 2014, http://iranpulse.al-monitor.com/index.php/2014/02/3917/ayatollah -khameneinuclear-negotiations-wont-resolve-us-iran-differences/.

  22. As quoted in Akbar Ganji, “Frenemies Forever: The Real Meaning of Iran’s ‘Heroic Flexibility,’ ”Foreign Affairs, September 24, 2013, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139953/akbar-ganji/frenemies-forever.

  23. 核爆炸可利用两类材料引发——浓缩铀和浓缩钚。通常认为，通过控制浓缩钚反应比通过控制浓缩铀反应来引发核爆炸在技术上难度更大。所以，要防止获得核爆炸能力，主要是堵死铀浓缩这条通道。（钚反应堆也使用铀做燃料，因此需要得到一定数量的铀，也需要熟知铀加工的技术。）伊朗在实现铀浓缩和获得钚的生产技术这两个方面都有了进展，这两个问题也都属于伊核谈判的范围。

  24. This account of the negotiating record makes reference to events and proposals described in a number of sources, including the Arms Control Association, “History of Official Proposals on the Iranian Nuclear Issue,” January 2013; Lyse Doucet, “Nuclear Talks: New Approach for Iran at Almaty,” BBC.co.uk, February 28, 2013; David Feith, “How Iran Went Nuclear,”Wall Street Journal, March 2, 2013; Lara Jakes and Peter Leonard, “World Powers Coax Iran into Saving Nuclear Talks,”Miami Herald, February 27, 2013; Semira N. Nikou, “Timeline of Iran’s Nuclear Activities” (United States Institute of Peace, 2014); “Timeline: Iranian Nuclear Dispute,” Reuters, June 17, 2012; Hassan Rohani, “Beyond the Challenges Facing Iran and the IAEA Concerning the Nuclear Dossier” (speech to the Supreme Cultural Revolution Council),Rahbord, September 30, 2005, 7–38, FBISIAP20060113336001; Steve Rosen, “Did Iran Offer a ‘Grand Bargain’ in 2003?,”American Thinker, November 16, 2008; and Joby Warrick and Jason Rezaian, “Iran Nuclear Talks End on Upbeat Note,”Washington Post,February 27, 2013.

  25. Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, remarks to members of the Iranian Majles (Parliament), Fars News Agency, as translated and excerpted in KGS NightWatch news report, May 26, 2014.

  26. David Remnick, “Going the Distance,”New Yorker, January 27, 2014.

  27. Address by Yitzhak Rabin to a joint session of the U.S. Congress, July 26, 1994, online archive of the Yitzhak Rabin Center.

第三章 伊斯兰主义和中东：世界乱局第五章 亚洲的多样性