第五章 亚洲的多样性

字数:544

  1. Philip Bowring, “What Is ‘Asia’?,”Far Eastern Economic Review, February 12, 1987.

  2. Qi Jianguo, “An Unprecedented Great Changing Situation: Understanding and Thoughtson the Global Strategic Situation and Our Country’s National Security Environment,”Xuexi shibao [Study Times], January 21, 2013, trans. James A. Bellacqua and Daniel M. Hartnett (Washington, D.C.: CNA, April 2013).

  3. See Immanuel C. Y. Hsu,The Rise of Modern China (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 315–17; Thant Myint-U,Where China Meets India (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011), 77–78; John W. Garver,Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001),138–40; Lucian W. Pye,Asian Power and Politics (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), 95–99; Brotton,History of the World in Twelve Maps, chap. 4.

  4. See, for example, David C. Kang,East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), 77–81.

  5. Kenneth B. Pyle,Japan Rising (New York: Public Affairs, 2007), 37.

  6. John W. Dower,War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War(New York: Pantheon, 1986), 222.

  7. See Samuel Hawley,The ImjinWar: Japan’s SixteenthCentury Invasion of Korea and Attempt to Conquer China(Seoul: Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch, 2005).

  8. Kang, East Asia Before the West, 1–2, 93–97.

  9. Hidemi Suganami, “Japan’s Entry into International Society,” in Bull and Watson,Expansion of International Society, 187.

  10. Marius Jansen,The Making of Modern Japan (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2002), 87.

  11. Suganami, “Japan’s Entry into International Society,” 186–89.

  12. “ President Millard Fillmore to the Emperor of Japan (presented by Commodore Perry on July 14, 1853), in Francis Hawks and Matthew Perry,Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan, Performed in the Years 1852, 1853, and 1854, Under the Command of Commodore M. C. Perry, United States Navy, by Order of the Government of the United States(Washington, D.C.: A. O. P. Nicholson,1856), 256–57.

  13. Translation of the Japanese reply to President Fillmore’s letter, in ibid., 349–50.

  14. Meiji Charter Oath, inJapanese Government Documents, ed. W. W. McLaren (Bethesda, Md.: University Publications of America, 1979), 8.

  15. Japanese memorandum delivered to the American Secretary of State Cordell Hull, December 7, 1941, as quoted in Pyle,Japan Rising, 207.

  16. See, for example, Yasuhiro Nakasone, “A Critical View of the Postwar Constitution” (1953), in Sources of Japanese Tradition, ed. Wm. Theodore de Bary, Carol Gluck, and Arthur E. Tiedemann (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), 2:1088–89. 中曾根这篇讲话是在哈佛大学的国际研讨会上做的，开办研讨会是为使世界各国的年轻领导人接触了解美国的学术环境。中曾根论称，为了“加速日本与美国永久友谊的发展”，日本的独立防卫能力应当加强，与美国的伙伴关系应更加平等。30年后中曾根成为日本首相，卓有成效地推动了这方面的政策，并得到了美国总统里根的支持。

  17. National Security Strategy (Provisional Translation) (Tokyo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, December 17, 2013), 1–3. The document, adopted by Japan’s Cabinet, stated that its principles “will guide Japan’s national security policy over the next decade.”

  18. S. Radhakrishnan, “Hinduism,” inA Cultural History of India, ed. A. L. Basham (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997), 60–82.

  19. 葡萄牙探险家瓦斯科·达·伽马就是这样对卡利卡特的国王解释的（卡利卡特是今天印度的科泽科德，当时是全球香料贸易的中心之一）。达·伽马和手下的船员因为有机会在印度兴旺的香料和宝石贸易中分一杯羹而兴奋欣喜。他们也受了关于“普莱斯特·约翰”的消失的王国这一传说的影响。许多中世纪和近代早期的欧洲人相信，普莱斯特·约翰是一位强大的基督徒国王，住在非洲或亚洲。See Daniel Boorstin, The Discoverers (New York: Vintage Books, 1985),104–6, 176–77.

20.The Bhagavad Gita, trans. Eknath Easwaran (Tomales,Calif.: Nilgiri Press, 2007), 82–91; Amartya Sen,The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture, and Identity (New York: Picador, 2005), 3–6.

  1. See Pye, Asian Power and Politics, 137–41.

  2. Kautilya,Arthashastra, trans. L. N. Rangarajan (New Delhi: Penguin Books India, 1992), 6.2.35–37, p. 525.

  3. Ibid., 9.1.1, p. 588. Prussia’s Frederick the Great, on the eve of his seizure of the wealthy Austrian province of Silesia roughly two thousand years later, made a similar assessment. See Chapter 1.

  4. Ibid., 6.2.39–40, p. 526.

  5. Ibid., 9.1.21, p. 589.

  6. Ibid., 7.6.14, 15, p. 544.

  7. See Roger Boesche,The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and His “Arthashastra” (Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2002), 46; Kautilya,Arthashastra, 7.13.43, 7.2.16, 9.1.1–16, pp. 526, 538,588–89.

  8. 按照考底利耶的观念，征服四海的统治者的王国是“北起喜马拉雅山，南至大海，自东到西1 000由旬（yojana，古印度长度单位，约相当于11.2公里）的地方”——等于现代的巴基斯坦、印度和孟加拉国的领土之和。Kautilya,Arthashastra, 9.1.17, p. 589.

  9. See Boesche,First Great Political Realist, 38–42, 51–54, 88–89.

  10. Max Weber, “Politics as a Vocation,” as quoted in ibid., 7.

31.当时，阿育王因宣扬佛教和非暴力而受到崇敬，但他完成了征服大业之后才采纳了这些理念，用它们来加强他的统治。

  1. Robert Kaplan,The Revenge of Geography: What the Map Tells Us About Coming Conflicts and the Battle Against Fate(New York: Random House, 2012), 237.

  2. John Robert Seeley,The Expansion of England: Two Courses of Lectures (London: Macmillan, 1891), 8.

  3. Sir John Strachey,India (London: Kegan, Paul, Trench, 1888),as quoted in Ramachandra Guha,India After Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy(New York: Ecco, 2007), 3.

  4. Jawaharlal Nehru, “India’s Foreign Policy” (speech delivered at the Constituent Assembly, New Delhi, December 4, 1947), inIndependence and After: A Collection of Speeches, 1946–1949 (New York: John Day, 1950), 204–5.

  5. As quoted in Baldev Raj Nayar and T. V. Paul, India in the World Order:Searching for Major-Power Status(NewYork: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 124–25.

  6. As quoted in ibid., 125.

  7. Jawaharlal Nehru, “Speech to the Bandung Conference Political Committee” (1955), as printed in G. M. Kahin,The Asian-African Conference (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1956), 70.

  8. “Agreement (with Exchange of Notes) on Trade and Intercourse Between Tibet Region of China and India, Signed at Peking, on 29 April 1954,” United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 299 (1958), 70.

  9. 在撰写本书时，阿富汗仍不肯正式承认与巴基斯坦的边界；印度和巴基斯坦对克什米尔地区有争议；印度和中国就阿克赛钦和藏南地区争执不下，1962年还因领土争端打了一仗；印度和孟加拉国表示愿意谈判解决两国在彼此领土上几十个飞地的问题，但没有达成协议，还因在这些领土上巡逻的问题发生过冲突。

  10. See Pew Research Center Forum on Religion and Public Life,The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Major Religious Groups as of 2010(Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, 2012), 22.

  11. “European Russia,” or Russia west of the Ural Mountains, constitutes roughly the westernmost quarter of Russia’s landmass.

第四章 美国与伊朗：不同的秩序理念第六章 通往亚洲秩序之路：对抗还是伙伴关系？