八 一 四 章

字数:430

“是謂無狀之狀,無物之象,是謂惚恍”。按二一章:“道之爲物,惟恍唯惚。惚兮恍兮,其中有象,恍兮惚兮,其中有物。”蘇轍《老子解》説一四章云:“狀、其著也,象、其微也;‘無狀之狀,無物之象’,皆非無也”;吕惠卿《道德經傳》説二一章云:“象者疑於有物而非物也,物者疑於無物而有物者也。”作者註者皆工於語言,能形容似無如有之境。游藝觀物,此境每遭。形下之跡雖不足比倫老子所謂“道”,而未嘗不可借以效韓非之“喻老”;“夫唯不可識,故强爲之容”,一五章已告我矣。韓愈《早春呈水部張十八員外》之一:“天街小雨潤如酥,草色遥看近却無”(參觀李華《仙遊寺》:“聽聲静復喧,望色無更有”);司空圖《詩品·沖淡》:“遇之匪深,即之愈稀”,又《飄逸》:“如不可執,如將有聞”;曹元寵《卜算子·詠蘭》:“著意聞時不肯香,香在無心處”;辛棄疾《鷓鴣天·石門道中》:“似有人聲聽却無”;梅曾亮《游小盤谷記》:“寂寥無聲而耳聽常滿”,又《缽山餘霞閣記》:“市聲近寂而遠聞”;羅斯金(Ruskin)描摹名畫(Turner:“Babylon”)中風物有云:“天際片雲,其輪廓始則不可見,漸乃差許意會,然後不注目時纔覺宛在,稍一注目又消失無痕”(the cloud,with its edge first invisible,then all but imaginary,then just felt when the eye is not fixed on it,and lost when it is,at last rises);近人論 “自由詩”(vers libre)所藴節奏(the ghost of some simple metre)云:“不經心讀時,則逼人而不可忽視;經心讀時,又退藏於密”(to advance menacingly as we doze,and withdraw as we rouse)。立言各有攸爲,而百慮一致,皆示惟恍惟惚。《文子· 精誠》篇所謂“遠之即近,近之即疏”,是矣。

Cf. Wordsworth,The Prelude,Bk. VI,3-4,ed. E. de Selincourt and Helen Darbishire,265:“as if distance had the power/To make the sounds more audible.”

Modern Painters,Pt I,Sect. iii,ch. 3,George Routledge,I,253.

T. S. Eliot,To Criticize the Critic,187.


七 一 三 章九 一 七 章