注释
[18-1]作者感谢以下研究中国军事的专家的意见:KennethAllen,DennisBlasko,JohnCorbett,AndrewErickson,DavidFinklestein,TaylorFravel,PaulGodwin,EllisJoffe(已故),JohnLewis,NanLi,DavidShambaugh,EdenWoon,LarryWortzel,andXueLitai。对中国军队的一般介绍可参见JamesC.MulvenonandAndrewN.D.Yang,ThePeople’sLiberationArmyasOrganization(SantaMonica,Calif.:Rand,2002).对中国战略思想的全面评估见MichaelD.SwaineandAshleyJ.Tellis,InterpretingChina’sGrandStrategy:Past,Present,andFuture(SantaMonica,Calif.:Rand,2000).对80年代中国国防的一般介绍见PaulH.B.Godwin,ed.,TheChineseDefenseEstablishment:ContinuityandChangeinthe1980s(Boulder,Colo.:WestviewPress,1983).有关中国军队的一般性著作见DavidShambaugh,ModernizingChina’sMilitary:Progress,Problems,andProspects(Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,2002);andAndrewScobell,China’sUseofMilitaryForcebeyondtheGreatWallandtheLongMarch(NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,2003).
[18-2]中共中央文献研究室编:《邓小平年谱(1975–1997)》(上下册)(北京:中央文献出版社,2004),1977年7月23日,页164–165。支绍曾、雷渊深:〈中央军事委员会〉,收入《中国军事百科全书》编审委员会编:《中国军事百科全书》(三卷本)(北京:军事科学出版社,1997)。
[18-3]SWDXP-2,p.75.
[18-4]中共中央文献研究室、中国人民解放军军事科学院编:《邓小平军事文集》(三卷本)(北京:军事科学出版社、中央文献出版社,2004),第3卷,1977年8月23日,页62–69;程中原、夏杏珍:《历史转折的前奏:邓小平在1975》(北京:中国青年出版社,2003),页417–419。
[18-5]《邓小平军事文集》,第3卷,1977年8月23日,页53–72。
[18-6]见EllisJoffe,TheChineseArmyafterMao(Cambridge:HarvardUniversityPress,1987);HarlanW.Jencks,FromMusketstoMissiles:PoliticsandProfessionalismintheChineseArmy,1945–1981(Boulder,Colo.:Westview,1982).
[18-7]参见刘华清:《刘华清回忆录》(北京:解放军出版社,2004)。
[18-8]SWDXP-2,pp.75–79.
[18-9]SWDXP-2,p.74.
[18-10]《邓小平军事文集》,第3卷,1978年3月20日,页95。
[18-11]《邓小平军事文集》,第3卷,1979年1月2日,页144–145。
[18-12]这些数字引自JiYou,TheArmedForcesofChina(London:I.B.Taurus,1999);http://www.chinatoday.com/arm/index.htm,accessedSeptember30,2010;“The‘InsideStory’ontheReductionintheSizeofthePLA,”WenWeiPo(HongKong),April29,1987;EllisJoffe,“RadicalReformsUnderway,”FinancialTimes,December9,1985;JohnD.Friske,ed.,ChinaFactsandFiguresAnnual,vol.17(1993)(GulfBreeze,Fla.:AcademicInternationalPress,1993),p.61.
[18-13]HarlanW.Jencks,“China’s‘Punitive’WaronVietnam:AMilitaryAssessment,”AsianSurvey20,no.10(October1980):965–989.越南人对这场战争的看法见HenryJ.Kenny,“VietnamesePerceptionsofthe1979WarwithChina,”inMarkA.Ryan,DavidM.Finkelstein,andMichaelA.McDevitt,eds.,ChineseWarfighting:ThePLAExperiencesince1949(Armonk,N.Y.:M.E.Sharpe,2003),pp.217–240;EdwardC.O’Dowd,ed.,“People’sLiberationArmyDocumentsontheSino-VietnameseConflict,1979(I),”ChineseLawandGovernment42,no.5(September–October2009):3–100;andEdwardC.O’Dowd,ed.,“People’sLiberationArmyDocumentsontheThirdIndochinaConflict,1979(II),”ChineseLawandGovernment42,no.6(November–December2009):3–116.对这场战争的政治视角的比较,可参看Scobell,China’sUseofMilitaryForce,pp.119–143。
[18-14]EdwardC.O’Dowd,“TheLastMaoistWar:ChineseCadresandConscriptsintheThirdIndochinaWar,1978–1981,”Ph.D.thesis,PrincetonUniversity,1994,p.132.
[18-15]邓小平在总结这场战争的讲话中说,他们在筹划战争时最担心的问题就是苏联可能的反应;他们的判断是,苏联介入的可能极低。见〈邓小平在中越边境作战情况报告会上的讲话〉,1979年3月16日,未公开的讲话,藏于FairbankCollection,FungLibrary,HarvardUniversity.
[18-16]JohnWilsonLewisandLitaiXue,ImaginedEnemies:ChinaPreparesforUncertainWar(Stanford,Calif.:StanfordUniversityPress,2006),pp.127–133.
[18-17]XiaomingZhang,“DengXiaopingandChina’sDecisiontoGotoWarwithVietnam,”JournalofColdWarStudies12,no.3(Summer2010):3–29.
[18-18]O’Dowd,“TheLastMaoistWar,”pp.99,106–109,171.
[18-19]O’Dowd,“TheLastMaoistWar,”对这场战争的概述见EdwardC.O’DowdandJohnF.Corbett,Jr.,“The1979ChineseCampaigninVietnam:LessonsLearned,”inLaurieBurkitt,AndrewScobell,andLarryM.Wortzel,eds.,TheLessonsofHistory:TheChinesePeople’sLiberationArmyat75(Carlisle,Penn.:StrategicStudiesInstitute,U.S.ArmyWarCollege,2003),pp.353–378.
[18-20]与MarkMohr2007年10月的通信,他当时是国务院官员,也是曼斯菲尔德与邓小平会谈时除黄华外长和译员冀朝铸之外唯一在场的人。
[18-21]LewisandXue,ImaginedEnemies,p.127.
[18-22]《邓小平年谱(1975–1997)》,1978年底、1979年1月2日,页459–460、462–464。
[18-23]MichaelLeifer,“Kampuchia,1979:FromDrySeasontoDrySeason,”AsianSurvey20,no.1(January1980):33–41.
[18-24]KingChen,“China’sWaragainstVietnam,1979:AMilitaryAnalysis,”occasionalpaper,UniversityofMarylandSchoolofLaw,1983,pp.1–33;Kenny,“VietnamesePerceptionsofthe1979WarwithChina.”
[18-25]ElizabethWishnick,MendingFences:TheEvolutionofMoscow’sChinaPolicyfromBrezhnevtoYeltsin(Seattle:UniversityofWashingtonPress,2001),p.63.
[18-26]XiaomingZhang,“China’s1979WarwithVietnam:AReassessment,”TheChinaQuarterly,no.184(December2005):866–867.
[18-27]Kenny,“VietnamesePerceptionsofthe1979WarwithChina,”p.228;O’Dowd,“TheLastMaoistWar,”pp.114–132.
[18-28]O’Dowd,“TheLastMaoistWar,”pp.165–166.关于弱点部分,详见LewisandXue,ImaginedEnemies,pp.132–133;Zhang,“China’s1979WarwithVietnam,”pp.869–874.
[18-29]2006年秋天在北京的采访。
[18-30]作者感谢MichaelLampton,这是他当时在北京的观察。
[18-31]KuanYewLee,FromThirdWorldtoFirst:TheSingaporeStory,1965–2000(NewYork:HarperCollins,2000),pp.669–670.
[18-32]JamesC.Mulvenon,SoldiersofFortune:TheRiseandFalloftheChineseMilitary-BusinessComplex,1978–1998(Armonk,N.Y.:M.E.Sharpe,2001),p.53.国防开支每年大约增长10%,但1979年因对越南战争争增长了559亿元,大约比平均年份多出近50亿元,前者占全年军费预算的四分之一。1978年的国防开支是1678亿元,1979年2227亿元,1980年1933亿元。对越南战争争的额外支出由南部的广东、广西和云南等省承担。数据见财政部长张劲夫在1979年6月21日第五届全国人大常委会第二次会议上关于1978年决算和1979年预算的报告,见“QuarterlyChronicleandDocumentation,”TheChinaQuarterly,no.79(September1979):661–663;以及财政部长王丙干1980年8月30日向第五届全国人大常委会第三次会议所做的财政工作报告,见“QuarterlyChronicleandDocumentation,”TheChinaQuarterly,no.84(December1980):799–802.
[18-33]M.TaylorFravel,StrongBorders,SecureNation:CooperationandConflictinChina’sTerritorialDisputes(Princeton,N.J.:PrincetonUniversityPress,2008),p.217.
[18-34]《邓小平军事文集》,第3卷。
[18-35]对解放军学到的教训的说明,见O’DowdandCorbett,Jr.,“The1979ChineseCampaigninVietnam:LessonsLearned,”pp.353–378.
[18-36]1978年2月16日杰克逊参议员会见邓小平时。(出自2010年10月与DwightPerkins的通信,他是代表团成员之一。)
[18-37]O’Dowd,“TheLastMaoistWar,”p.101.
[18-38]Zhang,“China’s1979WarwithVietnam,”pp.867–888.
[18-39]O’Dowd,“TheLastMaoistWar,”pp.179–184.
[18-40]MeetingwithVicePresidentMondale,August27,1979;Memcon,SummaryoftheVicePresident’sMeetingwithPeople’sRepublicofChinaVicePremierDengXiaoping,8/27/79,verticalfile,China,JimmyCarterLibrary,Atlanta.
[18-41]SWDXP-2,p.92–93.
[18-42]他在许多场合都说过同样的话。例如在1980年1月16日一次中央干部工作会议上,见《邓小平军事文集》,第3卷,页165。
[18-43]HuangHua,HuangHuaMemoirs(Beijing:ForeignLanguagePress,2008),p.294.
[18-44]沈志华编:《中苏关系史纲(1917–1991)》(北京:新华出版社,2007),页406–407。
[18-45]RobertS.Ross,NegotiatingCooperation:TheUnitedStatesandChina,1969–1989(Stanford,Calif.:StanfordUniversityPress,1995),p.172.
[18-46]沈志华编:《中苏关系史纲(1917–1991)》,页408。
[18-47]沈志华编:《中苏关系史纲(1917–1991)》,页408–411。
[18-48]SWDXP-2,p,224–226,January16,1980.
[18-49]SWDXP-2,p.270,March12,1980.
[18-50]张星星:〈中国军队大裁军与新时期经济建设〉,《当代中国史研究》,2006年第1期,页21–28。另参见Huang,HuangHuaMemoirs,p.291。
[18-51]正如前面提到的,邓小平愿意采取主动以减少冲突的危险,但是他仍然坚持为全面恢复正常关系苏联必须离开阿富汗并从中苏边境撤军,越南也必须离开柬埔寨。这些条件直到1980年代末才成熟。见QichenQian,TenEpisodesinChina’sDiplomacy,forewordbyEzraVogel(NewYork:HarperCollins,2005),pp.1–31.
[18-52]正如前面提到的,邓小平愿意采取主动以减少冲突的危险,但是他仍然坚持为全面恢复正常关系苏联必须离开阿富汗并从中苏边境撤军,越南也必须离开柬埔寨。这些条件直到1980年代末才成熟。见QichenQian,TenEpisodesinChina’sDiplomacy,forewordbyEzraVogel(NewYork:HarperCollins,2005),pp.13–14.
[18-53]Memcon,SummaryoftheVicePresident’sMeetingwithPeople’sRepublicofChinaVicePremierDengXiaoping,8/27/79,verticalfile,China,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[18-54]Memcon,SecretaryofDefenseHaroldBrowntothePresident,1/8/80,NationalSecurityArchive,BrzezinskiMaterial,FarEast,Brown(Harold)Tripfile,box69,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[18-55]Memcon,SecretaryofDefenseHaroldBrowntothePresident,1/8/80,NationalSecurityArchive,BrzezinskiMaterial,FarEast,Brown(Harold)Tripfile,box69,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[18-56]Memcon,MeetingbetweenSecretaryofDefenseandVicePremierGengBiao,5/29/80,NationalSecurityArchive,BrzezinskiMaterial,FarEast,GengBiaoVisitfile,box70,JimmyCarterLibrary;Memcon,MeetingbetweenSecretaryofDefenseDr.HaroldBrownandVicePremierofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,GengBiao,5/27/80,NationalSecurityArchive,BrzezinskiMaterial,FarEast,GengBiaoVisitfile,box70,JimmyCarterLibrary;Memo,BrzezinskitoCarter,SummaryofDr.Brzezinski’sConversationwithVicePremierGengBiaoofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,5/29/80,NationalSecurityArchive,BrzezinskiMaterial,FarEast,GengBiaoVisitfile,box70,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[18-57]《邓小平军事文集》,第3卷,页154–155、168–174。
[18-58]Joffe,TheChineseArmyafterMao,pp.58–59.
[18-59]Joffe,TheChineseArmyafterMao,pp.60–61.
[18-60]InformationOffice,StateCouncil,2008nianZhongguoguofang(ChineseNationalDefensein2008)(Beijing:January2009),appendix5,athttp://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2009-01/20/content_1210075.htm,accessedApril9,2011.
[18-61]WilliamH.Overholt,TheRiseofChina:HowEconomicReformIsCreatingaNewSuperpower(NewYork:W.W.Norton,1993),pp.340–344.
[18-62]RobertJ.Skebo,GregoryK.S.Man,andGeorgeH.Stevens,“ChineseMilitaryCapabilities:ProblemsandProspects,”inU.S.Congress,JointEconomicCommittee,China’sEconomicDilemmasinthe1990s:TheProblemsofReforms,ModernizationandInterdependence(Washington,D.C.:GovernmentPrintingOffice,1991andArmonk,N.Y.:M.E.Sharpe,1992),p.665.
[18-63]ChengLiandScottHarold,“China’sNewMilitaryElite,”ChinaSecurity3,no.4(Autumn2007):79.对政治接班的一般论述见MichaelD.Swaine,TheMilitaryandPoliticalSuccessioninChina:Leadership,Institutions,Beliefs(SantaMonica,Calif.:Rand,1992).对野战军人事背景重要性的介绍,一本早期的全面研究是WilliamW.Whitson,withChen-hsiaHuang,TheChineseHighCommand:AHistoryofCommunistMilitaryPolitics,1927–71(NewYork:Praeger,1973).
[18-64]ChengLiandLynnWhite,“TheArmyintheSuccessiontoDengXiaoping:FamiliarFealtiesandTechnocraticTrends,”AsianSurvey33,no.8(August1993):772.
[18-65]MortonH.Halperin,ChinaandtheBomb(NewYork:Praeger,1965).
[18-66]EvanA.Feigenbaum,China’sTechno-Warriors:NationalSecurityandStrategicCompetitionfromtheNuclearAgetotheInformationAge(Stanford,Calif.:StanfordUniversityPress,2003).
[18-67]但是邓小平在1975年必须解决负责导弹和航天工业的七机部的派系斗争,见Ibid.;另见程中原、夏杏珍:《历史转折的前奏》,页87–112。
[18-68]Feigenbaum,China’sTechno-Warriors.对中国在边境地区的行动的论述见Fravel,StrongBorders,SecureNation.
[18-69]M.TaylorFravel,ActiveDefense:ExploringtheEvolutionofChina’sMilitaryStrategy(Princeton,N.J.:PrincetonUniversityPress,forthcoming).
[18-70]EllisJoffe,“People’sWarunderModernConditions:ADoctrineforModernWar,”TheChinaQuarterly,no.112(December1987):555–571;HarlanW.Jencks,“People’sWarunderModernConditions:WishfulThinking,NationalSuicideorEffectiveDeterrent?”TheChinaQuarterly,no.98(June1984):305–319;PaulH.B.Godwin,“MaoZedongRevisited:DeterrenceandDefenseinthe1980s,”inGodwin,ed.,TheChineseDefenseEstablishment:ContinuityandChangeinthe1980s,pp.21–40.另参见U.S.DepartmentofState,BureauofIntelligenceandResearch,“ChineseMilitaryReforms:SocialandPoliticalImplications,”ConfidentialIntelligenceReport1205-AR,December6,1985,availableinDNSA.
[18-71]Joffe,TheChineseArmyafterMao,pp.85–86;Godwin,“MaoZedongRevisited.”
[18-72]Joffe,“People’sWarunderModernConditions,”pp.568–569;JohnWilsonLewisandLitaiXue,China’sStrategicSeapower:ThePoliticsofForceModernizationintheNuclearAge(Stanford,Calif.:StanfordUniversityPress,1994);AlexanderC.Huang,“ThePLANavyatWar,1949–1999:FromCoastalDefensetoDistantOperations,”inRyan,Finkelstein,andMcDevitt,ChineseWarfighting,pp.241–269.
[18-73]《邓小平军事文集》,第3卷,1979年7月29日,页161。
[18-74]Joffe,“People’sWarunderModernConditions,”p.565.
[18-75]发展核潜艇和潜基弹道导弹计划的具体内容见LewisandXue,China’sStrategicSeapower.
[18-76]SWDXP-2,p.284.
[18-77]Skebo,Man,andStevens,“ChineseMilitaryCapabilities:ProblemsandProspects,”pp.663–675.
[18-78]SWDXP-2,pp.269–275.
[18-79]SWDXP-2,pp.269–275.
[18-80]《邓小平军事文集》,第3卷,1980年10月15日,页179。
[18-81]SWDXP-2,p.284.
[18-82]张星星:〈中国军队大裁军与新时期经济建设〉,页7。
[18-83]RichardBaum,BuryingMao:ChinesePoliticsintheAgeofDengXiaoping(Princeton,N.J.:PrincetonUniversityPress,1994),pp.121–124.
[18-84]SWDXP-3,p.104–105,November1,1984;《邓小平年谱(1975–1997)》,1984年11月1日,页1011–1012。
[18-85]SWDXP-2,p.271,March12,1980.
[18-86]SWDXP-2,p.271,March12,1980.对1980年代军队教育的一般介绍见WilliamR.Heaton,“ProfessionalMilitaryEducationinthePeople’sRepublicofChina,”inGodwin,TheChineseDefenseEstablishment,pp.121–137;DennisJ.Blasko,PhilipT.Klapakis,andJohnF.Corbett,Jr.,“TrainingTomorrow’sPLA:AMixedBagofTricks,”TheChinaQuarterly,no.146(June1996):488–524.
[18-87]《邓小平军事文集》,第3卷,页130。
[18-88]LewisandXue,China’sStrategicSeapower,p.100.
[18-89]Mulvenon,SoldiersofFortune,pp.91–104.
[18-90]JohnFrankensteinandBatesGill,“CurrentandFutureChallengesFacingChineseDefenceIndustries,”TheChinaQuarterly,no.146(June1996):394–427.
[18-91]TaiMingCheung,FortifyingChina:TheStruggletoBuildaModernDefenseEconomy(Ithaca,N.Y.:CornellUniversityPress,2009),p.76.SeealsoFrankensteinandGill,“CurrentandFutureChallengesFacingChineseDefenceIndustries,”pp.394–427.
[18-92]Cheung,FortifyingChina,p.57.这个时期的大趋势见pp.50–77。事实上,对所有这些活动难以进行监督,尤其对于基层单位,因此并不存在准确的数字。
[18-93]EzraF.Vogel,OneStepAheadinChina:GuangdongunderReform(Cambridge:HarvardUniversityPress,1989).
[18-94]Mulvenon,SoldiersofFortune,pp.59–63.
[18-95]BarryNaughton,“TheThirdFront:DefenceIndustrializationinChina’sInterior,”TheChinaQuarterly,no.115(September1988):382.
[18-96]BarryNaughton,“TheThirdFront:DefenceIndustrializationinChina’sInterior,”TheChinaQuarterly,no.115(September1988):382;Cheung,FortifyingChina,pp.60–63.
[18-97]《邓小平年谱(1975–1997)》,1978年6月28–29日,页334–335。