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第十一章 20世纪的宣传
1 Jacques Ellul,Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes,New York: Alfred A. Knopf,1965. 括弧中直接标明的页码皆来自此书。
2 Randall L. Bytwerk,Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic,East Lansing,M.I.: Michigan State University Press,2004,pp. 45,44.
3 Randall L. Bytwerk,“Western and Totalitarian Views of Propaganda,”in Ted J. Smith III,Propaganda: A Pluralistic Perspective,N.Y.: Praeger,1989,p. 45.
4 Robert Conquest,Reflections on a Ravaged Century,New York: Norton,2000,p. 115.
5 Ibid.,p. 113.
6 奥威尔:《政治与文学》,李存捧译,译林出版社2011年版,第120—121页。
7 Robert Conquest,Reflections on a Ravaged Century,pp. 112-113 .
8 Clifford Christians,“Jacques Ellul and Democracy’s ‘Vital Information’ Premise,”Journalism Monographs,August,1976,p. 127.
9 Philip M. Taylor,Munitions of the Mind: War Propaganda from the Ancient,World to the Nuclear Age. Wellingborough,Northamptonshire,England: P. Stephens,1990,p. 23.
10 宣传在历史上的运用与先例,参见Garth S. Jowett and Victoria O’Donnell,Propaganda and Persuasion. Thousand Oaks,CA: Sage Publication,2006,pp. 51-92。
11 Gabriel De Tarde,L’Opinion et la foule,Paris: Alcan,1910. Gustave Le Bon,The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind,London: T. Fisher Unwin,[1896],1916.
12 Michael Walzer,“On ‘Failed Totalitarianism’,”in Irvin Howe,ed.,1984 Revisited,New York: Harpe & Row,1983,p. 104.
13 Randall L. Bytwerk,“Western and Totalitarian Views of Propaganda,”in Propaganda: A Pluralistic Perspective,ed.by Ted J. Smith Ⅲ,New York: Praeger,1989,p. 44. B. L. Smith,Propaganda,Encyclopedia Britannica,15th ed.,Vol. 26: 166-174 . 1985,p. 175.
14 Randall L. Bytwerk,“Western and Totalitarian Views of Propaganda,”p. 46;Jacques Ellul,Propaganda,pp. ix-xviii.
15 Randall L. Bytwerk,“Western and Totalitarian Views of Propaganda,”p. 46.