第十三章 德国纳粹的宣传和国民再造

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1 Henry Steele Commager,“The Pragmatic Necessity of Freedom,”in Civil Liberties under Attack. ed.by Clair Wilcox,. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1951.

2 Hannah Arendt,The Origins of Totalitarianism,New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1973 [1951],pp. 447,451.

3 Ibid.,pp. 452,453.

4 Ibid.,p. 455.

5 Randall L. Bytwerk,Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic,East Lansing,MI: Michigan State University Press,2004,p. 63. ,p. 1,n. 1.

6 Ibid.,p. 1.

7 勒庞:《乌合之众》,冯克利译,中央编译出版社2004年版。

8 关于纳粹对报纸、媒体的控制,可参见朱庭光:《纳粹德国的文化控制与宣传机构》,http://cn.hqhot.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=193100。

9 Hannah Arendt,The Origins of Totalitarianism,pp. 376,376-377,378.

10 Ibid.,p. 341.

11 Randall L. Bytwerk,Bending Spines,p. 39.

12 Ibid.,p. 38.

13 吴潮、赵晓兰:《纳粹运动与德国青年》,http://www.uus8.com/a/71/05/35/013.htm。

14 同上。

15 勒庞:《乌合之众》,第101-106页。

16 Randall L. Bytwerk,Bending Spines,p. 42.

17 Randall L. Bytwerk,“Western and Totalitarian Views of Propaganda,”in Ted J. Smith III,ed.,Propaganda: A Pluralistic Perspective. New York: Praeger,1989,p. 45

18 Agitation,1973-1983 . Great Soviet Encyclopedia,Vol. 1:137-138 . New York: Macmillan,p. 137.

19 Ibid.,p. 138.

20 “From the Position of Openness,”Provda,trans. by Associated Publishers,March 16,3,1987.

21 Yevgeny Prokhorov,“The Marxist Press Concept,”in H. Fischer and J. Merril,eds.,International and Intercultural Communication,New York: Hastings House,1976,pp. 51-58 .

22 E. K. Bramsted,Goebbels and National Socialist Propaganda:1925-1945. E. Lansing,M.I: Michigan State University Press,1965,p. 429.

23 A. Panfilov,Broadcasting Pirates or Abuse of the Microphone: An Outline of External Political Radio Propaganda by the USA,Britain and the FRG,trans. by N. Bobrov. Moscow: Progress Publishers,1981,p. 76.

24 Michael Walzer,“On ‘Failed Totalitarianism’,”in Irvin Howe,ed.,1984 Revisited,New York: Harpe & Row,1983,p. 104.

25 Jacques Ellul,Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes,New York: Alfred A. Knopf,1965,pp. 304 ff.

26 Michael Walzer,“On ‘Failed Totalitarianism’,”p. 105.

27 Ibid.,pp. 105-106 .

28 Ibid.,p. 106.

29 George L. Mosse,The Nationalization of the Maesses: Political Symbolism and Mass Movements in Germany from the Napoleonic Wars Through the Third Reich,New York: Howard Fertig,1975,p. 10.

30 Rudolf Herz,Hoffmann & Hitler: Fotografie als Medium des Führer-Mythos,Munich: Klinkhardt & Biermann,1994,p. 329.

31 Randall L. Bytwerk,Bending Spines,p. 17.

32 Ibid.,p. 27.

33 Ibid.,p. 29.

34 Ibid.,p. 15.

35 Ibid.

36 Ibid.,p. 28.

37 Ibid.,p. 29.

38 Ibid.,p. 15

39 Ibid.,pp. 27-28 .

40 http://quotationsbook.com/quote/33893/.

41 http://www.finestquotes.com/author_quotes-author-John%20Jay%20Chapman-page-0.htm.

42 Randall L. Bytwerk,Bending Spines,pp. 71-74 .

43 J. Noakes and G. Pridham,eds.,Nazism 1919-1945,Volume I: The Nazi Party,State and Society,New York: Schocken Book,1983,p. 386.

44 Randall L. Bytwerk,Bending Spines,p. 73.

45 Ibid.,pp. 7374.

46 Randall L. Bytwerk,Bending Spines,p. 74.

47 Ibid.,p. 75.

48 Ibid.,pp. 75-76 .

49 Ibid.,p. 77.

50 Ibid.,pp. 45,44.

51 Hannah Arendt,Eichman in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil,Revised and enlarged edition,New York: Viking,1965,p. 287.

52 Robert Lowell,“Letter to the Editor,”New York Times Book Review,June 23,1963,p. 4.

53 Christopher R. Browning,Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland,New York: Harper and Collins,1992. Daniel Goldhagen,Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New York: Knopf,1996.

54 提尔曼·阿勒特:《德意志问候:关于一个灾难性姿势的历史》,孟翰译,江苏人民出版社2008年版,第5页。

55 同上书,第6页。

56 同上书,第9页。

57 同上书,第8-9页。

58 同上书,第6-8页。

59 同上书,第135页。

60 沃尔夫·勒佩尼斯:《德国历史中的文化诱惑》,刘春芳、高新华译,译林出版社2010年版,第2、5页。

61 Friedrich Meinecke,The German Catastrophe: Reflections and Recollections,Cambridge,M.A.: Harvard University Press,1950,p. 119.

62 沃尔夫·勒佩尼斯:《德国历史中的文化诱惑》,第158页。

63 参见本书第十一章《20世纪的宣传》,第三节“呼吸肮脏空气的知识分子”。

64 Vaclav Havel,“The Power of the Powerless,”in The Power of the Powerless: Citizens Against the State in Central-Eastern Europe,ed.by John Keane,Armonk,N.y.: M. E. Sharpe,1985,p. 25.

65 哈维尔:《哈维尔文集》,崔卫平译,2003年,第52页。

66 Leszek Kolokowski,“Totalitarianism and the Virtue of the Lie,”in Irving Howe,ed.,1984 Revisited,Harpe & Row,1983,p. 122.

67 哈维尔:《哈维尔文集》,第64页。

68 Leszek Kolokowski,“Totalitarianism and the Virtue of the Lie,”p. 135.


第十二章 纳粹德国的党国主义教育第十四章 东德的“宣传教育”为何不能成功