注释
[11-1]Memcon,CarterwithHuangZhen,2/8/77,verticalfile,China,box40,JimmyCarterLibrary,Atlanta;Memo,MichelOksenbergtoZbigniewBrzezinski,no.17,“TheRoadtoNormalization”(谈判完成不久后后写下的9页会谈总结),verticalfile,China,JimmyCarterLibrary,theFairbankCollection,FungLibrary,HarvardUniversity也有收藏。
[11-2]Memcon,SecretaryVance’smeetingwithHuangHua,8/24/77,verticalfile,China,JimmyCarterLibrary.关于引导谈判和完成关系正常化谈判的协商的不同记述,见CyrusVance,HardChoices:CriticalYearsinAmerica’sForeignPolicy(NewYork:SimonandSchuster,1983),pp.75–83;JimmyCarter,KeepingFaith:MemoirsofaPresident(Fayetteville:UniversityofArkansasPress,1995),pp.190–197;ZbigniewBrzezinski,PowerandPrinciple:MemoirsoftheNationalSecurityAdvisor,1977–1981(NewYork:Farrar,Straus,Giroux,1983);RobertS.Ross,NegotiatingCooperation:TheUnitedStatesandChina,1969–1989(Stanford,Calif.:StanfordUniversityPress,1995);PatrickC.Tyler,AGreatWall:SixPresidentsandChina:AnInvestigativeHistory(NewYork:PublicAffairs,1999);JimmyCarter,ZbigniewBrzezinski,andRichardN.Gardner,“BeingThere,”ForeignAffairs78,no.6(November–December1999):164–167;BrentScowcroftandPatrickTyler,“SafeKeeping,”ForeignAffairs79,no.1(January–February2000):192–194;JamesMann,AboutFace:AHistoryofAmerica’sCuriousRelationshipwithChinafromNixontoClinton(NewYork:AlfredKnopf,1999);RichardH.Solomon,U.S.-PRCPoliticalNegotiations,1967–1984:AnAnnotatedChronology(SantaMonica,Calif.:Rand,1985),此文献原来保密,后被解密;RichardH.Solomon,ChineseNegotiatingBehavior:PursuingIntereststhrough“OldFriends”(Washington,D.C.:UnitedStatesInstituteofPeacePress,1999);NicholasPlatt,ChinaBoys:HowU.S.RelationswiththePRCBeganandGrew(Washington,D.C.:NewAcademia,2009);JeffreyT.Richelson,projectdirector,ChinaandtheUnitedStates:FromHostilitytoEngagement,1960–1998(Alexandria,Va.:Chadwyck-Healey,1999).有关台湾问题的记述,见NancyBernkopfTucker,StraitTalk:UnitedStates-TaiwanRelationsandtheCrisiswithChina(Cambridge:HarvardUniversityPress,2009)及AlanD.Romberg,ReininattheBrinkofthePrecipice:AmericanPolicytowardTaiwanandU.S.-PRCRelations(Washington,D.C.:HenryL.StimsonCenter,2003)。在撰写本章内容时,我曾与一些官员交谈,如卡特总统、蒙代尔、布热津斯基、芮效俭(StapletonRoy)、查斯・弗里曼(ChasFreeman)、理乍得・索罗门(RichardSolomon)、温・劳德(WinLord)、米歇尔・奥克森伯格(MichelOksenberg)和尼古拉斯・普拉特(NicholasPlatt)。我也与中国外交官员黄华以及中国译员冀朝铸、唐闻生、章含之和施燕华交谈。此外,我还利用了“卡特政府对华政策口述史项目”(CarterAdministrationChinaPolicyOralHistoryProject,LWMOT),该项目是由奥克森伯格和伍德科克(LeonardWoodcock)离任后,这为记录他们所参与的中美关系正常化过程这段历史,从1981年秋天到1982年夏天进行的39次交谈的录音。这些交谈的录音现藏于韦恩州立大学(WayneStateUniversity)图书馆,一部分属于伍德科克本人的私人文件,他的遗孀莎朗・伍德科克(SharonWoodcock)慷慨地为我提供了阅读它们的机会。
[11-3]Memcon,MeetingofTengXiaopingandSecretaryVance,8/24/77,verticalfile,China,JimmyCarterLibrary;Vance,HardChoices,p.82.
[11-4]Solomon,ChineseNegotiatingBehavior.
[11-5]外交部档案馆编:《伟人的足迹:邓小平外交活动大事记》(北京:世界知识出版社,1998),1977年8月24日。
[11-6]转引自中共中央文献研究室编:《邓小平年谱(1975–1997)》(北京:中央文献出版社,2004),1977年8月24日,页188–189。
[11-7]Vance,HardChoices,p.82;Solomon,U.S.-PRCPoliticalNegotiation,1967–1984,p.62.
[11-8]《伟人的足迹:邓小平外交活动大事记》,1977年8月24日。
[11-9]Vance,HardChoices,pp.82–83;Ross,NegotiatingCooperation,pp.110–111.
[11-10]《邓小平年谱(1975–1997)》,1977年8月24日,页188–189。
[11-11]RobertS.Ross,IndochinaTangle:China’sVietnamPolicy,1975–1979(NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress,1988);《人民日报》,1975年11月26日。
[11-12]Memcon,MeetingofTengXiaopingandSecretaryVance,8/24/77,verticalfile,China,JimmyCarterLibrary;《伟人的足迹:邓小平外交活动大事记》,1977年9月17日。
[11-13]Tyler,AGreatWall,pp.249–250.
[11-14]14.1977年11月18日布热津斯基致伍德科克大使的电文,BrzezinskiCollection,Geofile,“Brzezinski’sTrip[11/19/77–5/14/78],”box9,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[11-15]2009年4月对占美・卡特的采访,以及同芮效俭和伍德科克的遗孀莎朗・伍德科克的几次交谈。这些事件的很多内容可见于Ross,NegotiatingCooperation,pp.126–132.有关布热津斯基与万斯对立的讨论,见Tyler,AGreatWall,pp.237–239.
[11-16]Memo,MichelOksenbergtoZbigniewBrzezinski,“ImpressionsonOurChinaPolicytoDate,”8/23/78,JimmyCarterLibrary,theFairbankCollection,FungLibrary,HarvardUniversity亦有藏;MichelOksenberg,“ADecadeofSino-AmericanRelations,”ForeignAffairs61,no.11(Fall1982):184.
[11-17]2008年10月对芮效俭的采访,芮效俭负责向国会领袖通报情况。
[11-18]Memcon,MeetingofZbigniewBrzezinskiandVicePremierTengHsiaoP’ing,5/25/78,verticalfile,China,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[11-19]Memo,CyrusVancetothePresidenton“NextMovesonChina”Woodcock’sApproach,6/13/78,NSAStaffMaterial,FarEast-Armacost,“ArmacostChron.File[6/14–6/30/78],”box7,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[11-20]虽然美方采取了严格的保密措施,但华盛顿少数政府官员也参与过几次讨论,包括理乍得・霍尔布鲁克(RichardHolbrooke),宋贺德(HarryThayer),罗杰・苏利文(RogerSullivan),李洁明(JamesLilley),CharlesNeuhauser,和沈大伟(DavidShambaugh)。
[11-21]Memcon,Dr.Brzezinski’smeetingwithForeignMinisterHuangHua,May21,1978,9:52a.m.to1:20p.m.,verticalfile,China,JimmyCarterLibrary;Solomon,U.S.-PRCPoliticalNegotiations,1967–1984,p.64;Brzezinski,PowerandPrinciple,p.212.布热津斯基写道,他对黄华说,远东的和平依靠美国继续保持信用,他以这种委婉的方式解释美国要保留继续对台售武的权利。12月中国对美国打算继续对台售武表示不解。见他们的谈话纪录和Tyler,AGreatWall,pp.254–255.
[11-22]Carter,KeepingFaith,p.200.
[11-23]Brzezinski,PowerandPrinciple,pp.213–214.
[11-24]《伟人的足迹:邓小平外交活动大事记》,1978年5月21日。
[11-25]OksenbergtoBrzezinski,“TheRoadtoNormalization.”
[11-26]转引自Memcon,MeetingofZbigniewBrzezinskiandVicePremierTengHsiaoP’ing,5/25/78.
[11-27]Brzezinski,PowerandPrinciple,p.215.
[11-28]《伟人的足迹:邓小平外交活动大事记》,1978年5月22日。
[11-29]《伟人的足迹:邓小平外交活动大事记》,2005年8月6日。
[11-30]Solomon,U.S.-PRCPoliticalNegotiations,1967–1984,pp.65–69.
[11-31]SWDXP-2,pp.101–107.
[11-32]《邓小平年谱(1975–1997)》,1978年7月10日,页339–340。
[11-33]KatlinSmith,“TheRoleofScientistsinNormalizingU.S.-ChinaRelations:1965–1979,”inAllisonL.C.deCerrenoandAlexanderKeynan,eds.,“TheRoleofScientistsinMitigatingInternationalDiscord,”AnnalsoftheNewYorkAcademyofSciences866(December1998):120;作者2005年12月对AnneKeatleySolomon的采访,她当时是负责安排这次访问的美国国家科学院成员;RichardC.Atkinson(新闻界代表团的成员之一),“RecollectionofEventsLeadingtotheFirstExchangeofStudents,Scholars,andScientistsbetweentheUnitedStatesandthePeople’sRepublicofChina,”athttp://www.rca.ucsd.edu/speeches/Recollections_China_student_exchange.pdf,访问时间2011年3月22日。我多年担任对华学术交流委员会成员,参加过1973年5月首个访问中国的科学家代表团。中国科学家在文革期间受到压制,但仍抱有希望,尽管直到1978年两国关系才开始升温。为响应邓小平要派学者去深造的要求,1978年10月中旬北京大学校长周培源率一个中国学者代表团访美。由于文革时期可怜的教育状况,第一年的人数不足700,而且很多实际成行者的英语准备不足。美国政府计划通过政府项目管理双方的交流,就像处理美苏交流那样,但是在芝加哥大学拿过博士学位的周培源去华盛顿之前,在西海岸同一些学者私下接触,发现可以作出大量私人安排,无需正式的政府关系﹙2005年对AnneKeatleySolomon的采访﹚;Atkinson,“RecollectionofEvents”;又见Memo,FrankPresstothePresident,10/16/78,StaffOfficesCollection:ScienceandTechnologyAdviser,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[11-34]2009年4月对占美・卡特的访谈。
[11-35]LWMOT,tape15,p.25.
[11-36]Ross,NegotiatingCooperation,p.159.
[11-37]VancetoWoodcock,6/28/78,BrzezinskiCollection,box9,doc.4,China,AlphaChannel[2/72–11/78],JimmyCarterLibrary.
[11-38]WoodcocktotheWhiteHouse,7/25/78,BrzezinskiCollection,box9,doc.4,China,AlphaChannel[2/72–11/78],JimmyCarterLibrary.
[11-39]黄华的自传是:《亲历与见闻》(北京:世界知识出版社,2007)。英译本为HuaHuang,HuangHuaMemoirs(Beijing:ForeignLanguagesPress,2008)。
[11-40]Vance,HardChoices,p.117.
[11-41]Memcon,USLOPeking,“TranscriptofCODELWolffMeetingwithTengHsiao-píng,”7/10/78,verticalfile,China,box40,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[11-42]2008年10月对芮效俭的采访。
[11-43]RichardHolbrookeandMichelOksenbergtoAmbassadorWoodcock,9/7/78,verticalfile,China,box40,doc.24,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[11-44]Memcon,SummaryofthePresident’sMeetingwithAmbassadorCh’aiTsemin,9/19/78,verticalfile,China,box41,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[11-45]Memcon,SummaryofSecretaryVance’sMeetingwithForeignMinisterHuangHua,10/3/78,verticalfile,China,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[11-46]Ross,NegotiatingCooperation,pp.134–136.
[11-47]作者对芮效俭的采访。
[11-48]RobertD.Novak,ThePrinceofDarkness:50YearsReportinginWashington(NewYork:CrownForum,2007),pp.324–332;《伟人的足迹:邓小平外交活动大事记》,1978年11月27日。
[11-49]LeonardWoodcocktoCyrusVanceandZbigniewBrzezinski,“SixthSession:December4MeetingwithHanNianlong,”BrzezinskiCollection,Alphabox9cont.[12/78–1/79],docs.3A,4A,5,and6,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[11-50]Ross,NegotiatingCooperation,pp.136–137.
[11-51]Solomon,U.S.-PRCPoliticalNegotiations,1967–1984,p.71;ibid.,pp.136–137.
[11-52]LeonardWoodcocktoCyrusVanceandZbigniewBrzezinski,“MyMeetingwithTengXiaopingDecember13,”verticalfile,China,box40,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[11-53]LeonardWoodcocktoCyrusVanceandZbigniewBrzezinski,“MyMeetingwithTengXiaopingDecember13,”verticalfile,China,box40,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[11-54]LWMOT,tape19,p.8.
[11-55]LeonardWoodcocktoCyrusVanceandZbigniewBrzezinski,“TotheWhiteHouseImmediate,”12/14/78,verticalfile,China,box40,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[11-56]LeonardWoodcocktoCyrusVanceandZbigniewBrzezinski,“TotheWhiteHouseImmediate,”12/14/78,verticalfile,China,box40,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[11-57]LWMOT,tape18,p.28.
[11-58]Cable,WoodcocktoVanceandBrzezinski,“FullTranscriptofDecember15MeetingwithTeng,”12/15/78,verticalfile,China,box40,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[11-59]Cable,WoodcocktoVanceandBrzezinski,“FullTranscriptofDecember15MeetingwithTeng,”12/15/78,verticalfile,China,box40,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[11-60]这段话和所有会谈中的引语见LeonardWoodcocktoCyrusVanceandZbigniewBrzezinski,“FullTranscriptofDecember15meetingwithTeng,”12/15/78,verticalfile,China,box40,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[11-61]Carter,KeepingFaith,p.205.
[11-62]TelephoneRecord,PekingtoSecretaryofState,1/11/79,verticalfile,China,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[11-63]Memo,VancetoCarter,1/26/79,ScopePaperfortheVisitofVicePremierDengXiaopingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,January29–February5,1979,verticalfile,China,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[11-64]出席仪式的理乍得・索罗门讲述了这件事;据作者2010年10月与他的私人交流。
[11-65]DonOberdorfer,“TengandKhrushchev,”TheWashingtonPost,Feb.5,1979,A1.
[11-66]ChaozhuJi,TheManonMao’sRight:FromHarvardYardtoTiananmenSquare,MyLifeinsideChina’sForeignMinistry(NewYork:RandomHouse,2008).
[11-67]OrvilleSchell,“WatchOutfortheForeignGuests!”ChinaEncounterstheWest(NewYork:PantheonBooks,1980).
[11-68]Carter,KeepingFaith,p.214.
[11-69]MichelOksenberg,“IRememberDeng,”FarEasternEconomicReview,March6,1977,35;Brzezinski,PowerandPrinciple,pp.405–406.
[11-70]Brzezinski,PowerandPrinciple,p.406.
[11-71]Carter,KeepingFaith,p.207.
[11-72]Carter,KeepingFaith,pp.209–210.
[11-73]《邓小平年谱(1975–1997)》,1979年1月24日,页473–474。
[11-74]Letter,CartertoDeng,BrzezinskiCollection,China,Pres.Meetingw/DengXiaoping,box9,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[11-75]Carter,KeepingFaith,pp.211–213;Brzezinski,PowerandPrinciple,pp.409–410.
[11-76]Brzezinski,PowerandPrinciple,pp.412–415.
[11-77]Solomon,U.S.-PRCPoliticalNegotiations,1967–1984,p.76.
[11-78]Carter,KeepingFaith,p.211;Brzezinski,PowerandPrinciple,p.407.出席国宴的人员名单中包括22名国会议员,可见NewYorkTimes,January30,1979。
[11-79]Carter,KeepingFaith,p.213.
[11-80]Carter,KeepingFaith,p.212;TheWashingtonPost,Nov.1,1979;NewYorkTimes,January30,1979.
[11-81]尼克逊和卡特的通信,见“StaffOfficeonChineseNormalization”Collection,box34A,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[11-82]LWMOT,tape21,p.7.
[11-83]Brzezinski,PowerandPrinciple,p.407;Tyler,AGreatWall,p.275.
[11-84]Memcon,MondaleandDenginBeijing,8/28/79,verticalfile,China,box41,JimmyCarterLibrary.
[11-85]Solomon,U.S.-PRCPoliticalNegotiations,1967–1984,p.76.
[11-86]TipO’Neill,ManoftheHouse:TheLifeandPoliticalMemoirsofSpeakerTipO’Neill(NewYork:RandomHouse,1987),pp.306–307.
[11-87]ArthurHummelandDavidReutherinNancyBernkopfTucker,ed.,ChinaConfidential:AmericanDiplomatsandSino-AmericanRelations,1945–1996(NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress,2001),p.329;Carter,KeepingFaith,p.213.
[11-88]作者也是当时在场的人之一。美中关系全国委员会副主席白丽娟(JanBerris)友好地同我分享了她与这一事件有关的文件和回忆。
[11-89]DonOberdorfer,“TengTriedButSatisfied,LeavesU.S.,”TheWashingtonPost,February6,1979,A12.
[11-90]KarenElliottHouse,“TengtoReturntoChinawithAssurancesofU.S.Economic,PoliticalCooperation,”WallStreetJournal,February5,1979,6.
[11-91]会讲中文的国务院官员安德生(DonaldAnderson)曾陪同邓小平一行游览了各地。见Tucker,ed.,ChinaConfidential,p.330;NewYorkPost,January29,1979.
[11-92]FoxButterfield,“TengInspectsBoeing747Factory,”NewYorkTimes,February6,1979,A1.
[11-93]DonOberdorfer,“TengandKhrushchev.”
[11-94]RichardL.Strout,ChristianScienceMonitor,February5,1979.
[11-95]HarryF.Rosenthal,AssociatedPress,Atlanta,February1,1979.
[11-96]AtlantaConstitutionandAtlantaJournal,February1,2,1979.
[11-97]LWMOT,Tape22,p.6.
[11-98]Schell,WatchOutfortheForeignGuests,p.124.
[11-99]HoustonPost,February3,1979.
[11-100]Oberdorfer,“TengandKhrushchev.”
[11-101]AssociatedPress,Seattle,February5,1979.
[11-102]LWMOT,tape22,p.14.
[11-103]Carter,KeepingFaith,p.207.更完整的日记后来出版,见JimmyCarter,WhiteHouseDiary(NewYork:Farrar,Straus,andGiroux,2010)。
[11-104]Carter,KeepingFaith,p.207.
[11-105]Carter,KeepingFaith,p.216.
[11-106]据唐・奥伯多弗,他曾作为记者全程跟随了赫鲁晓夫和邓小平的访问。见Oberdorfer,“TengandKhruschev”;RichardL.Strout,ChristianScienceMonitor,February5,1979。
[11-107]Smith,“TheRoleofScientistsinNormalizingU.S.-ChinaRelations.”
[11-108]DavidM.Lampton,ARelationshipRestored:TrendsinU.S.-ChinaEducationalExchanges,1978–1984(Washington,D.C.:NationalAcademyPress,1986),pp.30–32.
[11-109]HarryThayerandArthurHummel,inTucker,ChinaConfidential,pp.326–328.这些问题以及对中国人权纪录的关切,也在《基督教科学箴言报》(ChristianScienceMonitor)1979年1月29日的社论中提出。
[11-110]2008年2月对邓的英语译员之一的施燕华——后任中国驻卢森堡大使——的采访,和2006年11月及2009年4月对邓小平访美之行的译员冀朝铸的采访。