Chapter 5：Triangular Diplomacy and the Korean War

字数:0

  1. “Conversation Between I. V. Stalin and Mao Zedong：Moscow, December 16, ?1949,” Archive ?of ?the ?President ?of ?the ?Russian ?Federation ?(APRF), ?fond ?45,?opis ?1, ?delo ?329, ?listy ?9–17, ?trans. ?Danny ?Rozas, ?from ?Cold ?War ?International History ?Project：?Virtual ?Archive, ?Woodrow ?Wilson ?International ?Center ?for Scholars, accessed at www.cwihp .org.

  2. Strobe Talbott, trans. and ed., ?Khrushchev Remembers：The Last Testament (Boston：Little, Brown, 1974), 240.

  3. “Conversation Between I. V. Stalin and Mao Zedong,” www.cwihp.org.

  4. Ibid.

  5. Ibid.

  6. Ibid.

  7. See Chapter 6, “China Confronts Both Superpowers”.

  8. ?“Appendix ?D ?to ?Part ?II—China：?The ?Military ?Situation ?in ?China ?and Proposed Military Aid,” in ?The China White Paper：August 1949, vol. 2 (Stanford：Stanford University Press, 1967), 814.

  9. ?“Letter ?of Transmittal：Washington, ?July ?30, ?1949,” ?in ?The ?China ?White Paper：August 1949, vol. 1 (Stanford：Stanford University Press, 1967), xvi.

  10. ?Dean Acheson, ?“Crisis ?in Asia—An ?Examination ?of ?U.S. ?Policy,” Department of State Bulletin (January 23, 1950), 113.

  11. Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis, and Xue Litai, ?Uncertain Partners：Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (Stanford：Stanford University Press, 1993), 98.

  12. Acheson, “Crisis in Asia—An Examination of U.S. Policy,” 115.

  13. Ibid.

  14. Ibid., 118.

  15. The results of postwar Sino-Soviet negotiations still rankled four decades later. In 1989, Deng Xiaoping urged President George H. W. Bush to “look at the map ?to ?see ?what ?happened ?after ?the ?Soviet ?Union ?severed ?Outer ?Mongolia ?from China. What kind of strategic situation did we find ourselves in? Those over fifty in China remember that the shape of China was like a maple leaf. Now, if you look at a map, you see a huge chunk of the north cut away.” George H. W. Bush and Brent Scowcroft, ?A ?World ?Transformed ?(New York：Alfred A. ?Knopf, ?1998), ?95–96. Deng's reference to China's strategic situation must be understood also in light of the significant Soviet military presence in Mongolia, which began during the Sino-Soviet split and lasted throughout the Cold War.

  16. Goncharov, Lewis, and Xue, Uncertain Partners , 103.

  17. ?Stuart ?Schram, ?The ?Thought ?of ?Mao ?Tse-Tung ?(Cambridge：?Cambridge University Press, 1989), 153.

  18. “Conversation Between I. V. Stalin and Mao Zedong,” at www.cwihp.org.

  19. Soviet forces had initially advanced further south, past the 38th parallel, but heeded a call from Washington to return north and divide the peninsula roughly halfway.

  20. ?Chen ?Jian, China's ?Road ?to ?the ?Korean ?War：?The ?Making ?of ?the ?Sino-American ?Confrontation (New York：?Columbia ?University ?Press, ?1994), ?87–88 (citing author interview with Shi Zhe).

  21. Kathryn Weathersby, “‘Should We Fear This?’：Stalin and the Danger of War with America,” Cold War International History Project Working Paper Series, working ?paper ?no. ?39 ?(Washington, ?D.C.：Woodrow Wilson ?International ?Center for Scholars, July 2002), 9–11.

  22. “M’Arthur Pledges Defense of Japan,” New York Times ?(March 2, 1949), from New York Times Historical Archives.

  23. Acheson, “Crisis in Asia—An Examination of U.S. Policy,” 116.

  24. Ibid.

  25. Weathersby, “‘Should We Fear This?’ ” 11.

  26. Goncharov, Lewis, and Xue, Uncertain Partners , 144.

  27. Ibid.

  28. Ibid., 145.

  29. Chen, China's Road to the Korean War , 112.

  30. Shen Zhihua, Mao Zedong, Stalin, and the Korean War, trans. Neil Silver (forthcoming), Chapter 6 (originally published in Chinese as ?Mao Zedong, Sidalin yu Chaoxian zhanzheng ?[Guangzhou：Guangdong Renmin Chubanshe, 2003]).

  31. Ibid.

  32. Ibid.

  33. Yang ?Kuisong, ?Introduction ?to ?ibid. ?(as ?adapted ?from Yang ?Kuisong, “Sidalin ?Weishenma ?zhichi ?Chaoxian ?zhanzheng—du ?Shen ?Zhihua ?zhu ?‘ MaoZedong, ?Sidalin ?yu ?Chaoxian ?zhanzheng’” ?[“Why ?Did ?Stalin ?Support ?the ?Korean War—On ?Reading ?Shen ?Zhihua's ?‘Mao ?Zedong, ?Stalin ?and ?the ?Korean War’”], Ershiyi Shiji ?[ Twentieth Century], February 2004).

  34. Harry S. Truman, “Statement by the President on the Situation in Korea, June ?27, ?1950,” ?no. ?173, ?Public ?Papers ?of ?the ?Presidents ?of ?the ?United ?States (Washington, D.C.：U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965), 492.

  35. ?Gong ?Li, ?“Tension Across ?the ?Taiwan ?Strait ?in ?the ?1950s：?Chinese Strategy ?and Tactics,” ?in ?Robert ?S. ?Ross ?and ?Jiang ?Changbin, ?eds., ?Re-examining the Cold War：U.S.-China Diplomacy, 1954–1973 (Cambridge：Harvard University Press, 2001), 144.

  36. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 376(V), “The Problem of the Independence of Korea” (October 7, 1950).

  37. For a fascinating discussion of these principles as applied to the Ussuri River clashes, see Michael S. Gerson, The Sino-Soviet Border Conflict：Deterrence, Escalation, ?and ?the ?Threat ?of ?Nuclear ?War ?in ?1969 ?(Alexandria, Va.：?Center ?for Naval Analyses, 2010).

  38. On Mao's war aims, see for example Shu Guang Zhang, ?Mao's Military Romanticism：China and the Korean War, 1950–1953 ?(Lawrence：University Press of ?Kansas, ?1995), ?101–7, ?123–25, ?132–33; ?and ?Chen ?Jian, ?Mao's ?China ?and ?the Cold War ?(Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 91–96.

  39. Chen, China's Road to the Korean War , 137.

  40. Shen, Mao Zedong, Stalin, and the Korean War, Chapter 7.

  41. Ibid.

  42. Chen, China's Road to the Korean War , 143.

  43. Ibid., 143–44.

  44. Ibid., 144.

  45. Goncharov, Lewis, and Xue, Uncertain Partners , 164–67.

  46. Chen, China's Road to the Korean War, 149–50.

  47. Ibid., 150.

  48. Ibid., 164.

  49. “Doc. 64：Zhou Enlai Talk with Indian Ambassador K. M. Panikkar, Oct.3, 1950,” in Goncharov, Lewis, and Xue, ?Uncertain Partners , 276.

  50. Ibid., 278.

  51. ?Ibid. ?Prime ?Minister ?Jawaharlal ?Nehru ?had ?written ?to ?Zhou, ?as ?well ?as to ?U.S. ?and ?British ?representatives, ?regarding ?prospects ?for ?limiting ?the ?Korean conflict.

  52. ?“Letter ?from ?Fyn ?Si ?[Stalin] ?to ?Kim ?Il ?Sung ?(via ?Shtykov)：?October 8, ?1950,” APRF, ?fond ?45, ?opis ?1, ?delo ?347, ?listy ?65–67 ?(relaying ?text ?asserted ?to be ?Stalin's ?cable ?to ?Mao), ?from Cold ?War ?International ?History ?Project：?Virtual Archive, Woodrow Wilson ?International ?Center ?for ?Scholars, ?accessed ?at ?www.

cwihp.org.

  1. Goncharov, Lewis, and Xue, Uncertain Partners , 177.

  2. Ibid.

  3. Ibid.

  4. ?See ?Shen ?Zhihua, ?“The ?Discrepancy ?Between ?the ?Russian ?and ?Chinese Versions ?of ?Mao's ?2 ?October ?1950 ?Message ?to ?Stalin ?on ?Chinese ?Entry ?into the ?Korean ?War：A ?Chinese ?Scholar's ?Reply,” ?Cold ?War ?International ?History Project Bulletin 8/9 (Washington, D.C.：Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Winter 1996), 240.

  5. Goncharov, Lewis, and Xue, ?Uncertain Partners , 200–201, citing Hong Xuezhi and Hu Qicai, “Mourn Marshal Xu with Boundless Grief,” People's Daily (October 16, 1990), and Yao Xu, ?Cong Yalujiang dao Banmendian [ From the Yalu River to Panmunjom] (Beijing：People's Press, 1985).

  6. Goncharov, Lewis, and Xue, Uncertain Partners , 195–96.

Chapter 4：Mao’s Continuous RevolutionChapter 6：China Confronts Both Superpowers