Chapter 8：The Road to Reconci l iation

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  1. ?Richard ?M. ?Nixon, ?“Asia After ?Viet ?Nam,” ?Foreign ?Affairs ?46, ?no. ?1 (October 1967)：121.

  2. Ibid., 123.

  3. ?Edgar ?Snow, ?“Interview ?with ?Mao,” The ?New ?Republic ?152, ?no. ?9, ?issue 2623 (February 27, 1965)：21–22.

  4. ?The ?extent ?of ?Chinese ?support ?is ?shown ?in ?the ?records ?of ?recently declassified ?conversations ?between ?Chinese ?and ?Vietnamese ?leaders. ?For ?a compilation of key conversations with editorial commentary, see Odd Arne Westad, Chen Jian, Stein T?nnesson, Nguyen Vu Tung, and James G. Hershberg, eds., “77 Conversations ?Between ?Chinese ?and ?Foreign ?Leaders ?on ?the Wars ?in ?Indochina, 1964–1977,” ?Cold ?War ?International ?History ?Project ?Working ?Paper ?Series, working ?paper ?no. ?22 ?(Washington, ?D.C.：Woodrow Wilson ?International ?Center for ?Scholars, ?May ?1998). ?For ?an ?analysis ?of ?the ?People's ?Republic's ?involvement in Hanoi's wars with France and the United States, see Qiang Zhai, ?China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950–1975 (Chapel Hill：University of North Carolina Press, 2000).

  5. Zhang Baijia, “China's Role in the Korean and Vietnam Wars,” in Michael D. ?Swaine ?and ?Zhang ?Tuosheng ?with ?Danielle ?F. ?S. ?Cohen, ?eds., ?Managing Sino-American ?Crises：?Case ?Studies ?and Analysis ? (Washington, ?D.C.：?Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2006), 201.

  6. Snow, “Interview with Mao,” 22.

  7. Ibid., 23.

  8. Yawei Liu, “Mao Zedong and the United States：A Story of Misperceptions,” in Hongshan ?Li ?and ?Zhaohui ?Hong, ?eds., ?Image, ?Perception, ?and ?the ?Making ?of U.S.-China Relations (Lanham：University Press of America, 1998), 202.

  9. Lyndon B. Johnson, “Address at Johns Hopkins University：Peace Without Conquest：April ?7, ?1965,” ?no. ?172, Public ?Papers ?of ?the ?Presidents ?of ?the ?United States (Washington, D.C.：U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966), 395.

  10. ?“Text ?of ?Rusk's ?Statement ?to ?House ?Panel ?on ?U.S. ?Policy ?Toward Communist ?China,” ?New ?York ?Times ? (April ?17, ?1966), ?accessed ?at ?ProQuest Historical Newspapers (1851–2007).

  11. Liu, “Mao Zedong and the United States,” 203.

  12. ?Chen ?Jian ?and ?David ?L. Wilson, ?eds., ?“All ?Under ?the ?Heaven ?Is ?Great Chaos：?Beijing, ?the ?Sino-Soviet ?Border ?Clashes, ?and ?the ?Turn ?Toward ?Sino-American ?Rapprochement, ?1968–69,” Cold ?War ?International ?History ?Project Bulletin 11 (Washington, D.C.：Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Winter 1998), 161.

  13. Ibid., 158.

  14. Ibid.

  15. As ?described ?by ?Donald ?Zagoria ?in ?a ?farsighted ?article ?in ?1968, ?an influential cross-section of the Chinese leadership, including Deng Xiaoping and Liu ?Shaoqi, ?favored ?a ?conditional ?reconciliation ?with ?Moscow. ?In ?a ?conclusion that ?outpaced ?the ?analysis ?of ?many ?observers, ?Zagoria ?suggested ?that ?strategic necessities ?would ?ultimately ?drive ?China ?toward ?reconciliation ?with ?the ?United States. ?Donald ?S. ?Zagoria, ?“The ?Strategic ?Debate ?in ?Peking,” ?in Tang Tsou, ?ed., China in Crisis, vol. 2 (Chicago：University of Chicago Press, 1968).

  16. Chen and Wilson, eds., “All Under the Heaven Is Great Chaos,” 161.

  17. ?Richard ?Nixon, ?“Inaugural Address：?January ?20, ?1969,” ?no. ?1, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States (Washington, D.C.：U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971), 3.

  18. See Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston：Little, Brown, 1979), 168.

  19. ?Chen ?Jian, Mao's ?China ?and ?the ?Cold ?War (Chapel ?Hill：?University ?of North Carolina Press, 2001), 245–46.

  20. Chen and Wilson, eds., “All Under the Heaven Is Great Chaos,” 166.

  21. Ibid., 167.

  22. Ibid., 170.

  23. Ibid., 168.

  24. ?Xiong ?Xianghui, ?“The ?Prelude ?to ?the ?Opening ?of ?Sino-American Relations,” ?Zhonggong dangshi ziliao [CCP History Materials], no. 42 (June 1992), 81, ?as ?excerpted ?in William ?Burr, ?ed., ?“New ?Documentary ?Reveals ?Secret ?U.S., Chinese ?Diplomacy ?Behind ?Nixon's Trip,” ?National ?Security Archive ?Electronic Briefing ?Book, ?no. ?145 ?(December ?21, ?2004), ?http：//www.gwu ?.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB145/ index.htm.

  25. Ibid.

  26. Chen and Wilson, eds., “All Under the Heaven Is Great Chaos,” 170.

  27. Ibid., 171.

  28. Ibid.

  29. ?For ?an ?account ?of ?the ?incident ?synthesizing ?recent ?scholarship, ?see Michael ?S. ?Gerson, The Sino-Soviet Border Conflict：Deterrence, Escalation, and the ?Threat ?of ?Nuclear ?War ?in ?1969 ?(Alexandria, Va.：?Center ?for ?Naval Analyses, 2010), 23–24.

  30. See Kissinger, White House Years, 182.

  31. “Minutes of the Senior Review Group Meeting, Subject：U.S. Policy on Current Sino-Soviet Differences (NSSM 63),” 134–35. See also Gerson, The Sino-Soviet Border Conflict , 37–38.

  32. Elliot L. Richardson, “The Foreign Policy of the Nixon Administration：Address ?to ?the American ?Political ?Science Association, ?September ?5, ?1969,” Department of State Bulletin 61, no. 1567 (September 22, 1969), 260.

  33. Gerson, ?The Sino-Soviet Border Conflict , 49–52.

  34. “Jing Zhicheng, Attaché, Chinese Embassy, Warsaw on：The Fashion Show in Yugoslavia,” ?Nixon's China Game, pbs.org, ?September ?1999, ?accessed ?at ?http：//

www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/ china/filmmore/reference/interview/ zhicheng01.html.

  1. Ibid.

  2. ?“Memorandum ?from ?Secretary ?of ?State ?Rogers ?to ?President ?Nixon, March ?10, ?1970,” ?in ?Steven ?E. ?Phillips, ?ed., Foreign ?Relations ?of ?the ?United States ?(FRUS), ?1969–1976, ?vol. ?17, ?China ?1969–1972 ?(Washington, ?D.C.：?U.S. Government Printing Office 2006). 188–91.

  3. ?See ?Kuisong Yang ?and Yafeng ?Xia, ?“Vacillating ?Between ?Revolution and Détente：Mao's Changing Psyche and Policy Toward the United States, 1969–1976,” ?Diplomatic History ?34, no. 2 (April 2010).

  4. ?Edgar ?Snow, ?“A ?Conversation ?with ?Mao Tse-Tung,” ? LIFE ? 70, ?no. ?16 (April 30, 1971), 47.

  5. Ibid., 48.

  6. Ibid., 46.

  7. Ibid., 48.

  8. Ibid., 47.

  9. Ibid., 48.

  10. Ibid.

  11. Ibid.

  12. ?See ?Zhengyuan ?Fu, Autocratic ?Tradition ?and ?Chinese ?Politics (New York：?Cambridge ?University ?Press, ?1993), ?188; ?and ?Ross Terrill, Madame ?Mao：The White-Boned Demon (Stanford：Stanford University Press, 1999), 344.

  13. ?Oxford ?Concise ?English-Chinese/Chinese-English ?Dictionary, ?2nd ?ed. (Hong ?Kong：?Oxford ?University ?Press, ?1999), ?474. ?I ?am ?indebted ?to ?my ?research assistant, Schuyler Schouten, for the linguistic analysis.

  14. “Editorial Note,” ?FRUS 17, 239–40.

  15. “Tab B.,” ?FRUS 17, 250.

  16. Ibid.

  17. Snow, “A Conversation with Mao Tse-Tung,” 47.

  18. “Tab A.,” ?FRUS ?17, 249.

  19. ?“Memorandum ?from ?the ?President's Assistant ?for ?National ?Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, Washington, January 12, 1971,” FRUS 17, 254.

  20. Yang and Xia, “Vacillating Between Revolution and Détente,” 401–2.

  21. See Kissinger, White House Years, 710.

  22. “Message from the Premier of the People's Republic of China Chou En-lai to President Nixon, Beijing, April 21, 1971,” ?FRUS 17, 301.

  23. Ibid.

  24. See Kissinger, White House Years, 720.

  25. “Message from the Government of the United States to the Government of the People's Republic of China, Washington, May 10, 1971,” ?FRUS 17, 318.

  26. “Message from the Premier of the People's Republic of China Chou En-lai to President Nixon, Beijing, May 29, 1971,” FRUS 17, 332.

Chapter 7：A Decade of CrisesChapter 9：Resumption of Relations：First Encounters with Mao and Zhou