二七 宣公十二年(二)

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士貞子諫晉侯,引晉文公語曰:“得臣猶在,憂未歇也,困獸猶鬬,況國相乎?”按僖公二十二年,臧文仲曰:“蜂蠆有毒,而況國乎?”定公四年,夫概王曰:“困獸猶鬬,況人乎?”他如 《國語·晉語》九智伯國曰:“夫誰不可喜而誰不可懼?蚋蟻蜂蠆皆能害人,況君相乎?”《戰國策·韓策》一韓公仲誡向壽曰: “禽困覆車,公破韓,辱公仲”;《文子·下德》篇:“獸窮即觸,鳥窮即啄,人窮即詐”,又《荀子·哀公》篇颜淵曰:“臣聞之,鳥窮則啄,獸窮則攫,人窮則詐”(“攫”字《韓詩外傳》卷二作 “嚙”,《淮南子·齊俗訓》、《新序·雜事》篇作“觸”);《東觀漢記》卷一六朱勃上書理馬援曰:“飛鳥跱衝,馬驚觸虎”;《太平御覽》卷二九一引《衛公兵法》曰:“敵固無小,蜂蠆有毒;且鳥窮則啄,獸窮猶觸者,皆自衛其生命而免於禍難也。”《孫子》 論此,最爲周匝。《軍争》篇云:“歸師勿遏,圍師必闕,窮寇勿迫”;此柔人者也,防敵之困鬬窮觸也。《九變》篇云:“死地則戰”,又云:“死地則戰”,“死焉不得”,“投之亡地然後存,陷之死地然後生”;《九地》篇云:“帥與之期,若登高而去其梯”,揚雄《太玄經·上》之次八:“升於高,危,或斧之梯”,即用其二七象。此激己者也,使士必困鬬窮觸也。

【增訂三】江紹原先生曰:“所引《太玄經》語,句讀當作:‘升於高危,或斧之梯。’‘危’通‘垝’,即《詩·衛風·氓》所謂‘乘彼垝垣’。”是也。《測》固曰:“升危斧梯,失士民也”,亦徵余之粗心破句矣。

白居易《和微之詩二十三首·序》:“遍蒙見窘,然敵則氣作,急則計生”,譬擬之詞,意無二致。蓋六通四辟,反致三心兩意,猶豫計校,餘地足誤當機,《老子》第二二章所謂“少則得,多則惑”耳。古羅馬兵書且專立章節,論寇窮必再作氣,不如圍開一面,削其鬬志(De emittendo hoste,ne clausus proelium,ex desperatione redintegret);桓吉爾詩亦云:“兵敗唯不望倖生,庶能全生,吾黨寧死戰爾”(Moriamur et in media arma rua- mus. /Una salus victis nullam sperare salutem)。後世或云: “勇出於恐”(An eminent poet tells us that all courage is fear),或云:“增援兵能增希望,然絶望則生決心”(what resolution from despair),“無希冀則亦無恐怖”(For where no hope is left is left no fear)。莎士比亞一再言恐極則反無恐(to be frighted out of fear),馴鴿窮則啄怒鷹(the dove will peck the estridge),更合“鳥窮則啄”之喻。其理即休謨論情感所謂兩情相反而互轉(any emotion which attends a passion is converted into it, though in their natures they are originally different from,and even contrary to,each other);或心理學所謂“疲乏律”(Law of fatigue):情感之持續每即促其消失轉變,故樂極悲來,怒極悔生。吾國《禮記》中《曲禮》、《檀弓》、《孔子閒居》、《樂記》 諸篇於情感之“盈而反”實早發厥緒,特僅道樂之與哀,而未推及七情五欲耳。參觀《全上古三代文》卷論《孫子兵法》、《全漢文》卷論賈誼《鵩鳥賦》。

Frontinus,op. cit.,II. vi,pp. 164 ff..

Aeneid,II,353-4.

Defoe,Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe,in Romances and Narra- tives,ed. G. Aitkin,III,25. Cf. Cardinal de Retz:“Quand la frayeur est venue à un certain point,elle produit les mêmes effets que la témérité”(quoted in Letters of Lord Chesterfield,ed. B. Dobrée,IV,1642).

Paradise Lost,I,190-1;Paradise Regained,III,206.

Antony and Cleopatra,III. xiii. 195-7;III Henry VI,I. iv. 40-1.

Hume,Treatise of Human Nature,Bk. II,pt,iii,sect. 4,“ Everyman’s Lib.”,II,131.

C. Spearman,Psychology down the Ages,II,102,112.

Cf. Antony and Cleopatra,I. ii. 128-130:“ The present pleasure,/By rev- olution lowering,does become/The opposite of itself”;Hamlet,IV. vii. 115-6:“For goodness,growing to a pleurisy,/Dies in his own too much”.


二六 宣公十二年(一)二八 成公二年