六三 定公十四年
戲陽速曰:“大子無道,使余殺其母,余不許,將戕於余。若殺夫人,將以余説。余是故許而弗爲,以紓余死。諺曰:‘民保於信’,吾以信義也”;《註》:“使義可信,不必信言。”按昭公十四年,叔向屍其弟叔魚於市,仲尼曰:“叔向,古之遺直也。……曰:‘義也夫!’可謂直矣!”;《註》:“於義未安,直則有之。”一則失“信”而“義”,一則“直”而不“義”。韓愈 《原道》曰:“博愛之謂仁,行而宜之之謂義,由是而之焉之謂道,足乎己無待於外之謂德。仁與義爲定名,道與德爲虛位。” 用之於此,則“信”與“直”爲“定名”,而“義”爲“虛位”;信、直而不“宜”,則於“義”未安矣。《穀梁傳》僖公二十二年論宋襄公云:“言之所以爲言者信也,言而不信,何以爲言?信之所以爲信者道也,信而不道,何以爲道?道之貴者,時其行勢也。”《論語·衛靈公》:“君子貞而不諒”;孔註:“正其道耳,言不必小信。”《孟子·離婁》:“大人者,言不必信,行不必果,唯義所在。”《吕氏春秋·當務篇》論“大亂天下者”有四,其一爲 “信而不當理”。皆可與戲陽速語相發明。曰“當理”,曰“義所在”,曰“行而宜之”,即不“執一”也,參觀前論成公十五年。柳宗元《四維論》謂“廉與恥,義之小節也,不得與義抗而爲維”,亦相發明。莎士比亞劇中人云:“善事而不得當,則反其本性,變成惡事。道德乖宜則轉爲罪遍”(Nor aught so good but strain’d from that fair use/Revolts from true birth,stumbling on abuse. / Virtue itself turns vice,being misapplied)。又一文家云:“善德與遍惡之區别,非如敵國之此疆彼圉間以墉垣關塞、大海崇山,界畫分明,而每似村落之比連鄰接”(Virtues and vices have not in all their instances a great landmark set between them,like warlike nations separate by prodigious walls,vast seas,and portentous hills;but they are oftentimes like the bounds of a parish);尤罕譬而喻。硜硜之信,悻悻之直,方自以爲守德拳拳勿稍失,初不知移踵舉趾,倏已度陌經阡,踰坊越境。失“宜”倍“理”,則“德”轉爲忒矣。
Romeo and Juliet,II. iii. 19-21(Friar Laurence).
Jeremy Taylor:“Righteousness Evangelical”,L. P. Smith,ed.,The Golden Grove 147.