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二六 全漢文卷四二
王褒《洞簫賦》:“故知音者樂而悲之,不知音者怪而偉之。” 按奏樂以生悲爲善音,聽樂以能悲爲知音,漠魏六朝,風尚如斯,觀王賦此數語可見也。楊慎《升菴全集》(從子有仁編)卷四四《古樂今樂》條引《淮南子》及阮籍《樂論》,謂“周子論今樂‘導欲增悲’本此”;盧文弨《龍城札記》卷二言古人“音樂喜悲”,歷引《韓非子·十過》篇、《史記·刺客列傳》、《論衡·書虚》《感虚》《自紀》三篇、阮籍《樂論》、陸機《文賦》、《古詩十九首》、王粲《公讌詩》、潘岳《金谷集詩》爲證。盧氏所舉,已得要略,然未密緻,如《論衡·超奇》篇:“飾面者皆欲爲好,而運目者希,文音者皆欲爲悲,而驚耳者寡”,即交臂失之。重宣斯義,爲補數事。《禮記·樂記》:“絲聲哀”,《正義》:“‘哀’,怨也,謂聲音之體婉妙,故哀怨矣”;《文子·自然》、《淮南子·齊俗訓》論鼓瑟皆曰:“徒絃則不能悲”;《鬼谷子·本經陰符七篇》:“故音不和則不悲”;張衡《南都賦》:“彈琴擫籥,流風徘徊,清角發徵,聽者增哀。……彈筝吹笙,更爲新聲,寡婦悲吟,鵾雞哀鳴,坐者悽欷,蕩魂傷精”;蔡邕《琴賦》:“哀聲既發,秘弄乃開。……一彈三欷,悽有餘哀。……哀人塞耳以惆悵,轅馬蹀足以悲鳴”;繁欽《與魏文帝牋》:“車子年始十四,能喉囀引聲,與笳同音。……潛氣内轉,哀音外激。……悽入肝脾,哀感頑艷。……同坐仰歎,觀者俯聽,莫不泫泣隕涕,悲懷慷慨”;嵇康《琴賦》:“八音之器,歌舞之象,歷世才士,並爲之賦頌。……稱其材幹,則以危苦爲上;賦其聲音,則以悲哀爲主;美其感化,則以垂涕爲貴。”《隋書》三節,尤耐思索:《音樂志》上陳後主“造《黄鸝留》及《玉樹後庭花》、《金釵兩臂垂》等曲,……綺艷相高,極於輕薄,男女唱和,其音甚哀”;《志》中北齊後主“别採新聲,爲《無愁曲》,音韻窈窕,極於哀思。……曲終樂闋,莫不隕涕”;《志》下隋煬帝令樂正造新聲,“掩抑摧藏,哀音斷絶,帝悦之無已”。夫佻艷之曲,名目《無愁》而功在有淚,是以傷心爲樂趣(dolendi vo- luptas)也。至若《漢書·景十三王傳》中山王勝曰:“今臣心結日久,每聞幼眇之聲,不知涕泣之横集”;《説苑·書説》又《新論·琴道》記雍門周先侈陳“足下有所常悲”以動孟嘗君,然後鼓琴使之“歔欷”;則均阮籍《樂論》所謂“原有憂”者,未堪爲例。劉晝《劉子·辨樂》篇又本乎阮《論》,亦無取焉。鬼谷子、王充、鄭玄逕以“悲”、“哀”等物色之目(descriptive)與 “好”、“和”、“妙”等月旦之稱(evaluative)互文通訓(synonymi- ty),魏晉六朝翻譯足資佐證。《長阿含經》之七《弊宿經》:“時有一人,善能吹貝,執貝三吹。……村人往問:‘此是何聲?哀和清澈,乃如是耶?’”;《賢愚經·檀膩䩭品》第四六:“即見一雉,住在樹上,遥問之曰:‘……我在餘樹,鳴聲不快,若在此樹,鳴聲哀好。何緣乃爾?’”;《太子須大拏經》:“諸雜果樹,自然茂盛,百鳥嚶嚶,相和悲鳴”;他如《世紀經·四天王品》第七又《忉利天品》第八、《增益阿含經》第一九之四等亦言鳥 “相和悲鳴”、“相和哀鳴”。實皆指《左傳》襄公十八年師曠所聞 “鳥烏之聲樂”及《詩·伐木》所賦“嚶其鳴矣,求其友聲”。曰 “悲”曰“哀”,非謂如怨如慕如泣如訴,衹謂聲“和”音“好”,猶阮《論》所引:“善哉鳥鳴!使絲聲如是,豈不樂哉!”胡僧輩未嫻漢語,不知通訓者未必可疊用,團詞而成硬語,然其下字生澀,適流露時尚耳。莎士比亞劇中女角言聞佳樂輒心傷(I amnever merry when I hear sweet music);自作情詩,亦有何故聞樂而憂之問(Music to hear,why hear’st thou music sadlly?)。雪萊謂最諧美之音樂必有憂鬱與偕(the melancholy which is in- separable from the sweetest melody)。列奥巴迪筆記考論初民與文明人聞樂之别,略謂文明人聆而悲涕,初民則聆而喜呼踊躍(In somma,generalmente parlando,oggidl,fra le nazioni civili, l’effetto della musica è il pianto,o tende al pianto. ...Ora,tutto al contrario di quello che avviene constantemente tra noi,sappi- amo che i selvaggi,i barbari,i popoli non avvezzi alla musi- ca...,in udirne qualche saggio,prorompono in éclats di giubi-lo,in salti in grida di gioia)。吾國古人言音樂以悲哀爲主,殆非先進之野人歟!抑使人危涕墜心,匪止好音悦耳也,佳景悦目,亦復有之。杜甫《閬水歌》:“嘉陵江色何所似,石黛碧玉相因依。……閬中勝事可腸斷,閬州城南天下稀!”;仇兆鰲《杜集詳註》引《杜臆》云:“贊云‘可腸斷’,猶贊韋曲之花,而曰 ‘惱殺人’也。”仇引《陪鄭駙馬韋曲》之“韋曲花無賴,家家惱殺人”,似隔一塵,當曰:“猶《滕王亭子》第一首之‘清江錦石傷心麗’也”,李白《菩薩蠻》亦云:“寒山一帶傷心碧。”觀心體物,頗信而有徵。心理學即謂人感受美物,輒覺胸隱然痛,心怦然躍,背如冷水澆,眶有熱淚滋等種種反應(A glow,a pangin the breast,a fulness of breathing,a flutter of the heart,a shiver down the back,a moistening of the eyes,a stirring in the hypogastrum and a thousand unnamable symptoms besides,may be felt the moment beauty excites us)。文家自道賞會,不謀而合。或云:“讀詩至美妙處,真淚方流”(The true tears arethose which are called forth by the beauty of poetry);或云:“至美無類,皆能使敏感者下淚”(Beauty of whatever kind,inits supreme development,invariably excites the sensitive soul to tears);或云:“能使體中寒慄、眼中淚迸之詩,乃吾心所好”(I like the poetry that sends a sort of cold thrill through one- not an unpleasant one-and brings tears into one’s eyes),或讀詩觀劇,噙淚(with tears in his eyes)而歎曰:“文詞之美使人心痛”(The excruciating beauty of the language!The beautyof it brings tears to one’s eyes);或謂欲别詩之佳惡,祇須讀時體察己身,苟肌膚起粟(a bristling of the skin)、喉中哽咽(aconstriction of the throat)、眼裏出水(a precipitation of water tothe eyes)、背脊冷澆(a shiver down the spine),即是佳什。故知隕涕爲貴,不獨聆音。吾國古人賞詩,如徐渭《青藤書屋文集》卷一七《答許北口》:“能如冷水澆背,陡然一驚,便是興觀羣怨之品;如其不然,便不是矣”;似勿須急淚一把也。西方疇昔評騭劇本作者,以能使觀衆下淚多寡爲量才之尺,海湼嗤曰:“果爾,洋葱亦具此才能,可共享文名”(Man preist den drama-tischen Dichter,der es versteht,Tränen zu entlocken. Dies Tal- ent hat auch die kümmerlichste Zwiebel,mit dieser teilt er sei-nem Ruhm)。徵文考獻,宛若一切造藝皆須如洋葱之刺激淚腺,而百凡審美又得如絳珠草之償還淚債,難乎其爲“儲三副淚”之湯卿謀矣(見湯傳楹《湘中草》卷六《閒餘筆話》)。
王褒《僮約》。按晉石崇仿作《奴券》(《全晉文》卷三三),而殘缺不全;宋黄庭堅仿作《跛奚移文》(《豫章黄先生集》卷二一),琢詞警鍊,頗逾石《券》;清鄒祗謨本其意而變其體爲倚聲《六州歌頭·戲作簡〈僮約〉效稼軒體》(《麗農詞》卷下),亦能隱栝裁剪。王行事不足訓,《顔氏家訓·文章》篇論“文人多陷輕薄”,即及“王褒過章《僮約》”;石亦輕薄爲文,黄較長者。然三文臚陳漢、晉、宋時資生瑣屑,欲考索齊民要術者,斯焉取斯。姚旅《露書》卷五謂王文“乃規世之作,世人求多,何以異是?”;李詳《媿生叢録》卷二則甚稱僮便了之“忠”,而斥王褒之“玷品喪節”,“以異方男子,止人寡婦之舍”,其事“有關名教”。李所謂“名教”,即如《意林》卷五引《鄒子》云:“寡門不入宿,臨甑不取塵,避嫌也。”姚傍通能參活句,竊有取焉。
The Merchant of Venice,V. i. 68(Jessica);Sonnets,viii.
Defense of Poetry,ed. A. S. Cook,35.
Leopardi,Zibaldone,Mondadori,II,380.
W. James,Principles of Psychology,II,469-470.
Chateaubriand,quoted in I. Babbitt,Masters of Modern French Criticism,66.
Poe:“The Philosophy of Composition”,Poems and Miscellanies,Oxford,195;cf. 177,“The Poetic Principle”(this certain taint of sadness connected with true beauty).
J. R. Lowell,Letters,ed. C. E. Norton,I,18.
E. Charteris,Life and Letters of Sir Edmund Gosse,130,503.
A. E. Housman:“ Name and Nature of Poetry”,Selected Prose,ed. J. Cart- er, 193. Cf. Robert Graves,The White Goddess,Creative Age Press,7:“ A. E.Housman’s test of a true poem was simple and practical”;cf. 10-1.
Heine:“ Gedanken und Einfälle”,Gesammelte Werke,hrsg. G. Karpeles,VIII,289.