九一 全三國文卷四九

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嵇康《聲無哀樂論》:“和聲無象而哀心有主,夫以有主之哀心,因乎無象之和聲,其所覺悟,唯哀而已。”按即劉向《説苑·書説》、桓譚《新論·琴道》兩篇記雍門周對孟嘗君,謂貧賤羈孤、困窮無告,“若此人者,但聞飛烏之號,秋風嗚條,則傷心矣,臣一爲之援琴而太息,未有不悽惻而涕泣者也”;亦即陸機《豪士賦》:“落葉俟微風以隕,而風之力蓋寡;孟嘗遭雍門而泣,而琴之感以末。何者?欲隕之葉,無所假烈風;將墜之泣,不足煩哀響也。”蓋先入爲主,情不自禁而嫁於物(pathetic fallacy),觸聞之機(occasion)而哀,非由樂之故(cause)而哀。下文又云:“至夫哀樂,自以事會先遘於心,但因和聲,以自顯發”;申此意更明。“夫味以甘苦爲稱。今以甲賢而心愛,以乙愚而情憎,則愛憎宜屬我,而賢愚宜屬彼也。可以我愛而謂之愛人,我憎而謂之憎人,所喜則謂之喜味,所怒則謂之怒味哉?” 按《尹文子·大道》篇上論“名、分不可相亂”有曰:“名宜屬彼,分宜屬我。我愛白而憎黑,韻商而舍徵,好膻而惡焦,嗜甘而逆苦;白、黑、商、徵、膻、焦、甘、苦,彼之名也,愛、憎、韻、舍、好、惡、嗜、逆,我之分也”;嵇論正同。人之賢、愚,味之甘、辛,即“彼之名”,而愛、憎、喜、怒,即“我之分”。然彼淆於我,名亂於分,尋常云謂,亦復可徵。“憎人”、 “怒味”,固無其語,而《大學》曰:“如惡惡臭,如好好色”,又豈非所好而謂之“好色”、所惡則謂之“惡臭”歟?嵇持之有故,而言之過當矣。“名”、事物之性德(the qualities)也;“分”、人遇事接物之情態(our feeling towards those qualities)也。亞理士多德嘗謂品目人倫,貶爲“急躁”者亦可褒爲“直率”,仇言曰 “傲慢”者即友所曰“高簡”,故誡與譽異詞而共指一事(Praiseand counsels have a common aspect)(參觀《太平廣記》卷論卷三八《李泌》);即“分”雖潛伏而“名”不掩蓋之例。十八世紀一談藝者云:“人同言醋味酸、蜜味甘、蘆薈(aloes)味苦,亦同言甘可悦而酸與苦不可悦(They all concur in calling sweet- ness pleasant,and sourness and bitterness unpleasant)。人雖有嗜淡巴菇及釅醋過於糖與牛乳者,然絶不覺二物之味爲甘也”(butthis makes no confusion in tastes,whilst he is sensible that thetobacco and vinegar are not sweet);乃“名”不能亂“分”之例。十九世紀一談藝者云:“人有曰:‘亞普羅像之悦目,以其形美也。’答之曰:‘有是哉!鹿肉之悦口,亦以其味佳也’”(Tothe assertion“the Apollo pleases us because it is beautiful”,an objector might reasonably reply,“Yes;and the venison pleases us because it is tasty”);蓋謂“美”、“佳”即娱目、適口之意,於像與肉之性德絶未揭示,空言無物(Scheinsatz),又以“分,淆“名”之例,如“好(上聲)色”、“惡(入聲)臭”矣。“吾聞敗者不羞走,所以全也。”按卷一五陳王植《請招降江東表》:“善戰者不羞走。”後來流傳《南齊書·王敬則傳》:檀公“三十六策,走是上計”,此語遂爲所掩。參觀《左傳》卷論僖公二十八年。古羅馬稱引希臘人語:“不勝且走,以便再鬬”(Qui fu- giebat,rursus proeliabitur);近世意大利諧詩:“死得其正,一生有耀;逃及其時,餘生可保”(un bel morir tutta la vita onora,/ un bel fuggir salva la vita ancora)。“敗不羞走”,可兼二意:捲土重來,則“不羞走”,有遠計也;望風苟免,則“走”而 “不羞”,是厚顔也。厚顔之不羞每自文飾爲遠計之不羞,藉口於杜牧《題烏江亭》所謂“包羞忍恥是男兒”,如吕本中《兵亂後雜詩》所謂“全軀各有詞”(《瀛奎律髓》卷三二引,《東萊先生詩集》未收)。蓋雖不羞爲之,却尚羞道之。世事固多行之泰然而言之赧然者;“言之匪艱,行之唯艱”,亦視其事耳。

Aristotle,Rhetoric,I. 29-36,“Loeb”,97-101.

Burke, Inquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, ed. J. T. Boulton,14.

Coleridge,Biographia Literaria,ed. J. Shawcross,II,308.

Lippi,Malmantile raquistato,G. Fumagalli,Chi l’ha detto,9a ed.,258.


九〇 全三國文卷四八九二 全三國文卷五〇